Module 3 Commissioning Instrument Transformers

SUBSTATION COMMISSIONING COURSE
MODULE THREE
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER TESTING PROCEDURES
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INTRODUCTION
The electrical commissioning and acceptance testing of electric power systems is essential for the energization of any electrical system for the first time.
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Module Three
INTRODUCTION
Module Three Discuss theory and ratings Safety issues Test equipment operation & hands on testing
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Module Three
INTRODUCTION
Skills learned in MODULE THREE: Acceptance testing for CTs and VTs Operate CT tester Apply safe work practices Analyze test values Complete test forms
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INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
A general classification Current transformers (CT) Voltage transformers (VT) Standard secondary rating: 5A for CT 120V for VT < 24 kV 115V for VT > 24 kV
Isolate primary quantities and convert into useable secondary values via transformation
Measurement values from CTs and VTs: Voltage, current, frequency, real / reactive power, energy, power factor, impedance
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Polarity markings A designation of the relative instantaneous direction of currents
Current flowing into the polarity mark in the primary is relatively in phase with current flowing out the polarity mark in the secondary As if the primary and secondary are connected straight through
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Nameplate Data Manufacturers name or trademark Manufacturers type Serial number Rated Voltage, maximum voltage or nominal system voltage Rated frequency Basic impulse insulation level (N/A for bushing CTs) Continuous rating factor for CT (1.0 or more) Thermal burden rating for VT (VA) Accuracy rating
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Nameplate Symbols (: colon) Ratio expression between winding groups Example: VT with one primary and one secondary winding 14,400 : 120 V Ratio 120 : 1 Ratio between primary and secondary amperes
Example: CT with one primary and one secondary winding 100 : 5 A Ratio 20 : 1
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Nameplate Symbols (x multiplication sign) Voltage rating or ratios between winding groups Current rating with two or more coils for series of parallel connection Example: CT with two primary windings for series or parallel conn. 100 x 200 : 5 A
Example: VT with two windings for series or parallel connection 2,400 x 4800 V Ratio 20 x 40 : 1
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Nameplate Symbols (// double slant lines) (Not used for VT) Ampere rating of separate secondary winding with independent core Example: CT with two secondary windings and two cores. 100 : 5 // 5A
Nameplate Symbols (& ampersand) Voltage rating or ratios of separate winding on one core. Ampere rating of separate primary winding on one core.
Example: VT with one primary and two secondary winding 14,400 V: 120 & 72 V Ratio 120 & 200:1
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Example 1: CT with two primary windings designed to be used individually.

100 & 600 : 5A
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Nameplate Symbols (& ampersand) Example 2: Totalizing CT with four primary windings designed to be used simultaneously. 5 & 5 & 5 & 5 : 5A
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Nameplate Symbols (& ampersand) Example 3: CT for threewire single phase.
100 & 100 : 5A
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Nameplate Symbols (/ single slant line) Two or more primary or secondary ratings obtained by taps in the secondary winding Example 1: VT with secondary tap for more primary voltage rating Different primary current ratings obtained by taps in the secondary winding
Example: CT with taps in the secondary for additional ratios

100 : 5 // 5A
12,000/14,400 :120 V Ratio 100/120 : 1

Nameplate Symbols (/ single slant line) Example 2: VT with secondary tap for additional secondary voltage ratings 14,400 : 120/72 V Ratio 120/200:1
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North American Standards
CSA Originated in 2007 An adoption of IEC 60044 part 1 to part 7 ANSI/IEEE IEEE C57.13-2008 Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers ANSI/IEEE C57.13.1-1981 Guide for Field Testing of Relaying Current Transformers
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CSA Standards CAN/CSA-C60044-1 to -8 (part 1 to part 8), 2007 Part 1: Current Transformers Part 2: Inductive Voltage transformers Part 3: Combined Transformers Part 4: N/A Part 5: Capacitive Voltage transformers Part 6: Requirements for Protective Current Transformers for Transient Performance Part 7: Electronic Voltage Transformers Part 8: Electronic Current Transformers
What is a CT ? A device that isolates and transforms the primary current quantity into a proportional secondary current quantity
The CT has: Primary winding or primary conductor Magnetic core Secondary winding
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Distributed uniform winding with negligible Leakage Flux

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Non-uniform distributed winding with some Leakage Flux

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How does a CT work ? Primary current flows generates magnetic field around the conductor Magnetic field flows in the magnetic core Magnetic field induces a voltage in the secondary winding Burden connected to secondary winding completes the circuit and allows current to flow
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Ipri x Npri = Isec x Nsec Ipri = Isec = Npri = Nsec = Current flowing in primary winding Current generated in secondary winding Number of turns in primary winding Number of turns in secondary winding
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What is the secondary current ? CT ratio: 5000:5A; 1000:1 Iprimary = 1000A
Isec = 1000A / (ratio) = 1000A /1000 = 1A

In reality, there will slightly less than 1A flowing. The difference is the known as the Ratio Error in %
Never open the secondary of a CT when primary current is flowing because dangerous high voltages will appear. IEEE C57.13 allow open circuit crest voltages up to 3500 V peak without voltage limiting devices.
CT Types Torroidal Wound Primary Bar Type Split Core Tororoidal Low flux leakage Typical of bushing and window CTs Primary conductor pass through center 600V insulation can be used in MV application with insulated primary conductors
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CT Types
Torroidal (donut) Wound Primary Bar Type Split Core
Wound Primary Has an internal primary winding Wound more than 1 full turn on the core Core can be torroidal Must be inserted in series with the conductors Bar provides primary connection points, often mistaken for bar type
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CT Types Torroidal (donut) Wound Primary Bar Type Split Core Bar Type Has a continuous bar for the primary winding Only 1 turn primary Core can be torroidal Must be inserted in series with the conductors Primary insulation part of CT construction
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CT Types Torroidal (donut) Wound Primary Bar Type Split Core Split Core Core is separated into two parts For use where primary conductor cannot be easily removed
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CT Ratio Ratio or primary current to secondary current
Expressed as current quantities 1000 : 5 A

Expressed as ratio numbers 200 : 1
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Adjusting CT Ratio (low V) For some applications KA = (KN NSA) / NP KA = Actual ratio KN = Nameplate ratio NSA = Number of adjusted secondary turns adjusted To Add: loop X1 lead through H1. To Subtract: loop X1 opposite H1) NP = Number of primary turns
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CT Ratio Adjustment 20:5 CT needed 50:5 CT available
KA = (KN NSA) / NP = (10 + 2) / 3 = 4 or 4:1 Actual CT Ratio = 20:5
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CT Standard Burden @ 5A, @ 60 Hz
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Basis for Accuracy class for Metering CTs and VTs correction factor is within specified limits for specified load conditions
.6 lagging to unity PF
CT operating between 10% to 100% rated current
VT operating between 90% to 100% rated voltage
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IT Standard Accuracy Class for Metering @ 60 Hz
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CT Accuracy Rating for Metering Accuracy for a specified burden Example: 0.3 B 1.8 .3% accuracy for all other burden up to 1.8 Example: 0.3 B @ 0.2 .3% accuracy for burden of .2 and 3
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CT Accuracy Rating for Relaying @ 60 Hz
Accuracy classification apply to full winding unless specified
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Relaying CT Class C (Calculated) T X Class C Low leakage flux CTs Torroidal type 3% error @ 5A 10% error @ 100A
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Relaying CT Class C T (Tested) X Class T High leakage flux CTs Primary Wound type % error obtained from testing Tested to 100A or > until 10% error is establish at specified burdens Test curve plotted for Ipr Vs Isec, the overcurrent curve
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Relaying CT Class C T X (Defined) Class X User defined along with expected accuracy rating for protection application Minimum knee point voltage; Vk Maximum excitation current Ik at Vk Maximum secondary winding resistance at 75C, Rs
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Secondary Terminal Voltage Saturation voltage level at 20X rated current
100 A
Vsat = 100 A x Burden
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Saturation Curve B-H Curve Excitation Current Vs Excitation voltage Knee Point voltage, Vk 10% Ve 50% Ie
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Transformer Formula Erms = 2 f N a Bpeak / 2 4.44 f N a B
Where: f = the supply frequency N = number of turns a = cross sectional area of the core B = peak magnetic flux density
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Class C Saturation Curve Plotted on log-log scale Induced voltage Y-axis Excitation current X-axis Voltage begins at 1% Voltage ends at 5X Irated Vk identified where curve is at 45 tangent axis
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Class T O/C Ratio Curve Plotted of linear scale Secondary current Y-axis Primary current X-axis 1 to 22 x rated I-primary for all standard burdens Curve identifies the burden which causes 50% ratio correction
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What is a VT ? Isolate and transform the primary voltage into proportional secondary voltage Construction Primary winding Magnetic core Secondary winding
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5 Groups of VT All capable of operating at 110% for emergency condition Emergency for 1 minute Some have special emergency rating conditions All must operate within thermal limits and or specified temperature rise
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VT Accuracy Rating Accuracy rating for each standard burden For maximum burden For specified burden Example: 0.3 Z; 0.3 Y, 0.6 Z and 1.2 ZZ; 0.3 Z @ Y Accuracy for two 2ndary or tapped 2ndary windings Burden is the total for the VT Accuracy class apply with the burden divided between the 2ndaries outputs in any manner
Thermal Burden Rating The maximum volt-ampere (VA) it can carry within temperature design limits Each winding can have its own rating One specified rating is for combined distribution between the 2ndaries, including taps
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TESTING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

Safety Consideration Many testing involves using high voltages Should be done by trained qualified personnel Safe work practice and procedures required Review Module 2 IEEE Standard 510 1983, Recommended Practice for Safety in High Voltage & High Power Testing
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CT Testing Primary Insulation Resistance Dielectric Withstand Secondary Insulation Resistance Secondary Burden Saturation Ratio and Polarity
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CT Testing Primary Insulation Resistance Dielectric Withstand Secondary Insulation Resistance Secondary Burden Saturation Ratio and Polarity Primary Ins. Resistance Test For Bar and Primary wound CTs DC voltage test at the rated crest voltage on the primary winding Secondary grounded 1 minute test
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CT Insulation Resistance: Bar Type and Primary Wound
DC Voltage test
Isolate Primary Isolate & Gnd Secondary Connect HV lead to H1/H2 Connect LV to Gnd / 2ndary Test for 1 minute Record test value
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CT Testing Primary Insulation Resistance Dielectric Withstand Secondary Insulation Resistance Secondary Burden Saturation Ratio and Polarity Dielectric Withstand Test For Bar and Primary wound CTs AC voltage test at the 75% factory test voltage Secondary grounded 1 minute test
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CT Dielectric Withstand: Bar Type and Primary Wound
AC Voltage test
Isolate & Gnd Secondary Connect HV lead to H1/H2 Connect LV to Gnd / 2ndary Test for 1 minute Record test value
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CT Testing Primary Insulation Resistance Dielectric Withstand Secondary Insulation Resistance Secondary Burden Saturation Ratio and Polarity 2ndary Ins. Resistance Test Test for secondary wiring Secondary wiring isolated and ungrounded 1000 VDC 1 minute test
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CT Secondary Circuit Insulation Test
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CT Testing Primary Insulation Resistance Dielectric Withstand Secondary Insulation Resistance Secondary Burden Saturation Ratio and Polarity 2ndary Burden Test Conducted in 2 parts Part 1, 1A current injection Measure circuit burden Part 2, four-wire resistance measurement Measure secondary winding resistance Burden = part 1 + part 2
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Part 1: CT Secondary Circuit Burden Measurement
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Part 2: CT Secondary Winding Resistance Measurement
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Total burden calculation ZT = RCT + (RL + ZB) Where ZT
Total burden ()
DC Winding resistance () Lead resistance () Device impedance ()
RCT = RL = ZB =
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CT Testing Primary Insulation Resistance Dielectric Withstand Secondary Insulation Resistance Secondary Burden Saturation Ratio and Polarity Saturation Test Secondary winding excitation test Primary open circuited Step voltage increase, current proportional Test for knee-point voltage Rapid rise is I-excitation 10% V = 50% I
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CT Saturation test
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CT Testing Primary Insulation Resistance Dielectric Withstand Secondary Insulation Resistance Secondary Burden Saturation Ratio and Polarity Ratio and Polarity test Secondary winding excited at 1V per turn Primary open circuited H1-H2 compared to X1-X2 Phase measured, ratio calculated Phase difference 0 means polarity correct
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CT Ratio and Polarity Test
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CT Testing Primary Insulation Resistance Dielectric Withstand Secondary Insulation Resistance Secondary Burden Saturation Ratio and Polarity Ratio and Polarity test (ALT) Use individual meters, phase angle and voltmeter Secondary winding excited at 1V per turn Primary open circuited H1-H2 compared to X1-X2 Phase measured, ratio calculated Phase difference 0 means polarity correct
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CT Ratio and Polarity Test (alternate connections)
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VT Testing Insulation Resistance Dielectric Withstand Ratio and Polarity
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VT Testing Insulation Resistance Dielectric Withstand Ratio and Polarity Insulation Resistance Test DC voltage test at the rated crest voltage 3 tests HV to Gnd HV to LV LV to Gnd
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VT Insulation Resistance Tests
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VT Testing Insulation Resistance Dielectric Withstand Ratio and Polarity Dielectric Withstand Test AC voltage test at the 75% factory test voltage Secondary grounded 1 minute test
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VT Dielectric Withstand Tests
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VT Testing Insulation Resistance Dielectric Withstand Ratio and Polarity Ratio and Polarity test Primary winding excited at 1V per turns ratio Secondary open circuited X1-X2 compared to H1-H2 Phase measured, ratio calculated Phase difference 0 means polarity correct Compare ratio with nameplate
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NETA STANDARD
5. NETA Acceptance Testing Procedure
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5.1 Visual and Mechanical Inspection 5.2 Electrical Test 5.2.1 Current Transformer 5.2.2 Voltage Transformer 5.3 Test Value Analysis 5.3.1 Visual and Mechanical 5.3.2 CT Electrical Test 5.3.3 VT Electrical Test
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TEST SET MANUAL

Module 3: CT Tester Module 2: 15 KV Insulation Resistance Test set AC High Potential Test set DC High Potential Test set Digital Low Resistance Test set
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TEST FORMS
Current Transformer Test Form Voltage Transformer Test Form
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Module 3 Commissioning Instrument Transformers

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SUBSTATION COMMISSIONING COURSE

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER TESTING PROCEDURES

Example 1: CT with two primary windings designed to be used individually.

100 & 100 : 5A

Example: CT with taps in the secondary for additional ratios

12,000/14,400 :120 V Ratio 100/120 : 1

Distributed uniform winding with negligible Leakage Flux

Non-uniform distributed winding with some Leakage Flux

Isec = 1000A / (ratio) = 1000A /1000 = 1A

Torroidal (donut) Wound Primary Bar Type Split Core

Expressed as current quantities 1000 : 5 A

KA = (KN NSA) / NP = (10 + 2) / 3 = 4 or 4:1 Actual CT Ratio = 20:5

VT operating between 90% to 100% rated voltage

Accuracy classification apply to full winding unless specified

TESTING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

TESTING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

TESTING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

TESTING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

TESTING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

TESTING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

TESTING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

TESTING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

TESTING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

TESTING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

TESTING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

TESTING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

TESTING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

TESTING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

TESTING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

TESTING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

TESTING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

TESTING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

TESTING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

TESTING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

TESTING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

TESTING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

TESTING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

TESTING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

TEST SET MANUAL

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