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Please write in non-erasable blue or black pen, no pencil! (Will lose 1 point for pencil or erasable ink) I will put periodic table on backs of quizzes, if you need them. BOX answers! If its not obvious where (or which) the answer is that Im supposed to grade, it will get no credit. Remember to bring your non-programmable calculators to class on Wednesdays. Make sure your answers make sense (can there be 23 grams of zinc in a 4.75 g sample of zinc oxide?). You may only use approved calculators on quizzes; others will be confiscated for the duration of the quiz or exam.
Definite Proportions
In a compound, elements are always combined in the same proportion by mass.
Multiple Proportions
Whenever two elements form more than one compound, the different masses of one element that combine with the same mass of the other element are in the ratio of small whole numbers.
Sample Problems
1. A sample of caffeine contains 96.1 g of carbon for every 10.1 g of hydrogen. If another sample of caffeine contains 30.0 g of carbon, how many g of hydrogen does it contain?
2.* Phosphorus forms two compounds with chlorine. In 5.5 g of one of these compounds, there were 1.24 g of P. In 5.5 g of the other compound, there were 0.818 g of P. Explain how these compounds exhibit the law of multiple proportions.
Sample Problems
1. A sample of caffeine contains 96.1 g of carbon for every 10.1 g of hydrogen. If another sample of caffeine contains 30.0 g of carbon, how many g of hydrogen does it contain? Answer:
96.1 10.1
30.0 x
x = 3.15 g 2.* Phosphorus forms two compounds with chlorine. In 5.5 g of one of these compounds, there were 1.24 g of P. In 5.5 g of the other compound, there were 0.818 g of P. Explain how these compounds exhibit the law of multiple proportions. Answer: According to the law of multiple proportions, if you compare the same amounts of phosphorus, then the chlorine masses should be in a ratio of small whole numbers. Since 1.24/0.818 = 1.516, then you should multiply the compound B quantities by 1.516. In compound A, there is (5.5 - 1.24 =) 4.26 g Cl. In compound B there is (5.5 - 0.818 =) 4.682 g Cl. Multiply that by 1.516 to get 7.10 g Cl for every 1.24 g P in compound B. Then you can check the Cl ratio: 4.26 g / 7.10 g = 0.6 = 3/5, a ratio of small whole numbers.
(amu = 1.66 x 10-24 g = 1/12 of mass of 12C) proton neutron 1 amu electron 10-4 amu Atomic number, Z = # of protons Mass number, A = # of protons + number of neutrons AE Isotopes = atoms of the same element with different mass numbers Z
Mass
Sample Problems
If a beryllium atom has 4 protons, then it should weigh 4 amu; but it actually weighs 9 amu! Where is the extra mass coming from?
Sample Problems
If a beryllium atom has 4 protons, then it should weigh 4 amu; but it actually weighs 9 amu! Where is the extra mass coming from? Answer: neutrons
52Cr? How many protons, electrons, and neutrons are in an atom of 24
Transition metals
Types of Elements
Metals:
Shiny, malleable, ductile solids with high mp and bp Good electrical conductors
Nonmetals:
Gases, liquids, or low-melting solids Non-conductors of electricity
Metalloids:
Intermediate properties, often semiconductors
1A 2A
Li+1 Na+1 Mg+2 Al+3
3A
5A 6A 7A He
-3 O-2 N? N -1 Ne F? F
S-2
Cl-1 Ar
K+1 Ca+2
+1 Sr+2 Rb? Rb
Se-2 Br-1 Kr
Te-2 I-1
Xe Rn
Cs+1 Ba+2
Example
63Cu
has mass = 62.9396, natural abundance 69.17%, and 65Cu has mass = 64.9278 and natural abundance 30.83%. What is the atomic mass? Answer: Atomic mass = (62.9396)(0.6917) + (64.9273)(0.3083) = 63.55 amu (4 sig fig!)
Sample Problems
1. In a class A is worth 4 points and B is worth 3. Out of 20 grades, if you have 4 As (20%) and 16 Bs (80%), what is your average? If an element has two isotopes, A (Z = 4 amu) and B (Z = 3 amu), and their natural abundance is 20% A and 80% B, what is the average molecular weight?
2. Naturally occurring boron (Z = 10.8110 amu) is composed of two isotopes, 10B and 11B. Atoms of 10B have a mass of 10.0129 amu and those of 11B have a mass of 11.0093 amu. Calculate the percentages by mass of the individual isotopes, 10B and 11B.
Sample Problems
1. In a class A is worth 4 points and B is worth 3. Out of 20 grades, if you have 4 As (20%) and 16 Bs (80%), what is your average? If an element has two isotopes, A (Z = 4 amu) and B (Z = 3 amu), and their natural abundance is 20% A and 80% B, what is the average molecular weight? Answer: Grade average = 3.2 points Average molecular weight = 3.2 amu
2. Naturally occurring boron (Z = 10.8110 amu) is composed of two isotopes, 10B and 11B. Atoms of 10B have a mass of 10.0129 amu and those of 11B have a mass of 11.0093 amu. Calculate the percentages by mass of the individual isotopes, 10B and 11B.
Answer: Mass percent of 10B = 19.90% Mass percent of 11B = 80.10%
2. The Mole One Mole of a substance contains an Avogadros number of formula units. e.g. 1 mole of H2O = 6.022 x 1023 H2O molecules
Sample Problems
How many atoms of gallium are there in 0.2398 moles of gallium?
Sample Problems
How many atoms of gallium are there in 0.2398 moles of gallium? Answer: 1.444 x 1023 atoms How many molecules of sugar are there in 0.2398 moles of sugar? Answer: 1.444 x 1023 molecules
How many marbles are there in 0.2398 moles of marbles? Answer: 1.444 x 1023 marbles