Growth and Development

Compiled by:
MARK ANTHONY PALMA-FLORES, R.N.
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True or False?
The

adolescent growth spurt occurs approximately two years earlier in girls than in boys.
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TRUE
2

True or False?
There

is a significant difference between female and male physique prior to puberty.

FALSE
3

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True or False?
Within

each of the life stages, there is individuality and variability in growth and development among people
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TRUE
4

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS

Growth :
An increase in cells size and number as they divide and synthesize new proteins ; results in increase size and weight of the whole or any of its parts. (it can be viewed as quantitative change ).

Development:
A gradual change and expansion; advancement from lower to more advanced stages of complexity;
The expanding of the individuals capacities through growth, maturation, and learning. (it can be viewed as quantitative change ).

Maturation:
An increase in competence and adaptability; aging; usually used to describe a qualitative change; A change in complexity and structure that makes it possible for that structure to begin functioning; to function in a higher level.

Differentiation :
A process by which early cells and structures systematically modified and altered to achieve specific and characteristic physical and chemical properties; Sometimes used to describe the trend of mass to specific; Development from simple to more complex activities and functions.

Importance of Growth and Development for Nurses:

Knowing what to expect of a particular child at any given age.

Gaining better understanding of the reasons behind illnesses. Helping in formulating the plan of care.

Helping in parents education in order to achieve optimal growth & development at each stage.

Stages of Growth & Development

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Stages of Growth & Development

Infancy 2. Childhood 3. Adolescence
1.

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Infancy
BIRTH ONE YEAR (1) Period of rapid growth Males are usually heavier and taller than females at birth

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Childhood

ONE YEAR (1) Consists of:

ELEVEN YEARS (11)

Early childhood Mid-Childhood Late Childhood

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Early Childhood

One year to six years of age Gradual loss of baby fat Girls lose less fat than boys Rapid growth but not as rapid as infancy Quite flexible Muscle development while at play

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Mid-Childhood
Six to ten years of age Slower, more constant growth Improved coordination and motor functioning

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Late Childhood
Ten to sixteen years of age Increased rate of growth Fat deposition just prior to adolescent growth spurt

Individual differences in maturation

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9-10 years of age in girls 11-12 years of age in boys

Late Childhood

Development of the reproductive system Appearance of secondary sex characteristics

Redistribution of body weight

Boys - muscle tissue, body fat Girls - slight body fat

Breasts Pubic Hair

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Late Childhood

Earlier onset of maturation in females may account for their ability to achieve worldclass status across many sports For example, Tara Lipinski, is the youngest US ladies figure skating champion

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Adolescence
Fourteen to twenty years of age Following puberty Ends with onset of adulthood Obvious differences in physical growth cease with the end of adolescence

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Adolescence

The variability of body types (somatotypes) become more evident

Ectomorph Mesomorph Endomorph

Usually individuals are a combination of

these body types

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Somatotypes

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Ectomorph
Linear shape Delicate bone structure Little fat Long limbs relative to the body

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Ectomorph

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Mesomorph
Well-muscled Little body fat Broad shoulders Narrow waist

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Mesomorph

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Endomorph
Rounded appearance Heavy bone structure Little bone and muscle definition

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Endomorph

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Adolescence

External social pressures for the ideal body type Combined with many physical, hormonal, and psychological changes that occur at this time
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GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT THEORIES

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Psychosocial Development (ERIKSON)

The most acceptable theory of personality development. It emphasizes on a healthy personality as opposed with pathologic conditions; each stage can not be accomplished unless the previous one is attained .

STAGES Infancy Toddler

DEVELOPMENT Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy and Self Esteem vs. Shame and Doubt

Preschool School-age

Initiative vs. Guilt Industry vs. inferiority

Adolescence

Identity and intimacy vs. role confusion

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Cognitive Development Theory (PIAGET)

Its a thinking theory. Intelligence enables individuals to make adaptations to the environment that increase the probability of survival and maintain equilibrium.

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Freud Theory (Sexual Development)

Infancy stage
Toddler stage

Oral-sensory stage
Anal stage

Preschool stage
School-age stage Adolescence stage

Genital stage

Latency Stage

Pubertal stage

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Principles of Growth & Development

Continuous process Predictable Sequence

Dont progress at the same rate ( periods of GR in early childhood and adolescents & periods of GR in middle childhood)

Not all body parts grow in the same rate at the same time. Each child grows in his/her own unique way.

Each stage of G&D is affected by the preceding types of development.

Principles of Growth & Development

G & D proceed in regular related directions :
- Cephalo-caudal(head down to toes) - Proximodistal (center of the body to the peripheral) - General to specific

Factors Affecting Growth & Development

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Factors Affecting Growth & Development

Large variation among individuals A number of factors affect growth and development, including:

Heredity Nutrition Socioeconomic status Exercise

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Heredity
Genetic information that is passed on from generation to generation These genes are also affected by environmental factors For example, malnutrition may prevent an individual from growing to their maximum potential height

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Nutrition

Adequate nutrients are essential for growth & development Carbohydrates and fats are primarily used for energy Proteins contribute to the growth and repair of body tissues, including muscle Vitamins, minerals and water are also essential for various functions and reactions that occur in the body
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Nutrition

Undernourishment or malnutrition can delay growth Undernourishment exists even in countries with abundant food supplies Overeating is also a problem in these countries and can lead to obesity when combined with a sedentary lifestyle
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Socioeconomic Status

Body size is positively related to socioeconomic status and may be related to nutrition That is, socioeconomic status affects
Income (money to spend on food) Education (knowledge about healthy food) Time (food selection and preparation time) Availability (access to stores with healthy food choices)
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Socioeconomic Status

Other factors may contribute to the differences observed in growth & development among individuals, such as
Lower levels of stress; Better sleeping patterns; and Regular exercise

These factors are easier to ensure when the basic necessities are met
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Exercise & Bone Development

Regular exercise tends to increase the diameter and density of bone Increased strength and durability Increased length of non-weight bearing bones such as the arms Overuse injuries can be incurred by young children who over-train Too much strain on a bone during a period of growth can lead to osteochondrosis, or the de-arrangement of the normal process of bone growth
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Exercise & Body Composition

Active children and teenagers show: An increase in lean body mass A decrease in percent body fat Muscle hypertrophy with exercise
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Exercise & Social Development

Team sports that stress positive interaction and cooperation facilitate social development in children and teens Pressure by parents and coaches can hinder the development of an active lifestyle and cause stress

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