CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

Hemorrhagic type

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES ( also called heart disease)

- is a class of diseases that involve the heart and blood vessels ( arteries, capillaries, veins) - refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, principally cardiac disease, vascular disease of the brain & kidney.

WHAT ARE THE CAUSE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES?

1. Atherosclerosis- also known as arteriosclerotic vascular

disease ( ASVD) is a condition in which an artery wall thickens as a results of the accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol & triglyceride. 2. Hypertenesion ( HPN or HTN)- is chronic medical condition in w/c the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. This require the heart to work harder than normal to circulate blood through the blood vessels.

2 TYPES OF HYPERTENSION

Primary hypertension- high blood pressure without underlying medical cause Secondary hypertension- are caused by other condition that affects the kidneys, arteries, heart or the endocrine.

TYPES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

1.CORONARY ARTERY DISEASEis the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries usually caused by atherosclerosis Also called hardening or clogging of the arteries is the buildup of cholesterol & fatty deposits ( plaque) on the inner walls of the arteries Plaque restrict blood flow to the heart muscles by physically clogging the artery. Without an adequate blood supply, the becomes starved of oxygen & vital nutrients needed to work properly. This can cause chest pain called Angina. If blood supply to a portion of the heart muscle if deprived or cut off due to plaque or if the energy demands of the heart is greater than its blood supply, a heart attack may occur.

WHAT IS HEART ATTACK?

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI) or simply we called

heart attack results from the partial interruption of the blood supply to a part of the heart muscle.
LAYERS OF THE HEART Pericardium-outer layer of the heart Myocardium-is the basic muscle that makes up the heart Endocardium- is the innermost, thin & smooth layer of epithelial tissue that lines the inner surface of all the heart chamber and valves.

3. CARDIOMYOPATHY ( HEART MUSCLE DISEASE)

Is the measurable deterioration of the function of the myocardium (heart muscle) for any reason usually leading to heart failure. Dilated cardiomyopathy- or DCM is the most common in which the heart becomes weakened & enlarged and cannot pump blood efficiently. The decrease heart functions affect the lungs, liver & other body organs. In DCM a portion of the myocardium is dilated, often w/o any obvious cause, L or R ventricular systolic pump function of the heart is impaired, leading to progressive cardiac enlargement & hypertrophy (increase in size). Itiology: although many cases found no cause, DCM is probably the result of damage to the myocardium produced by variety of toxic, metabolic or infectious agents.

4.VALVULAR

HEART DISEASE

Disease process involving one or more of the valves of the heart Aortic & mitral valve(Left side) and Pulmonic & Tricuspid valve( Right side) Itiologies: Congenital (inborn) Acquired (due to another cause later in life) Example: A. Rheumatic heart disease aka Rheumatic fever- is an inflammatory disease that occurs following a streptococcal infections Causative agent: streptococcus pyrogenesis ,a spherical gram + bacterium that is the cause of Group A streptococcal infections: >Streptococcal pharyngitis >Streptococcal tonsillitis >Streptococcal sore throat

JONES CRITERIA- PUBLISHED BY DR. T. DUCKETT (1944) A diagnosis of rheumatic fever can be made when 2 of the major criteria or 1 major criterion + 2 Minor criteria are PRESENT

JONES CRITERIA
Major Criteria
Poly arthritis inflammation of

Minor critera Fever 38.2-38.9

Arthralgia-joint pain w/

the large joints, starting in the legs & migrating upwards

Carditis- Inflammation of the

heart muscles (myocarditis)

Subcutaneous nodules-

Painless, firm collection of collagen fibers on the back of the wrist, outside the elbows and front of the knee.

swelling Leukocytosis-WBC count above normal range in the blood.

5. CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE OR CHF

Is when cardiac output is insufficient in meeting the needs of the body & lungs or when cardiac output is low & the body becomes congested with fluid due to inability of the heart output to properly match venous return.

Signs and symptoms

Right sided heart failure

L sided heart failure

Tachypnea
Rales or crackles, when become severe it will lead to hypoxemia (late sign of severe pulmonary edema) Pulmonary edema ( fluid in alveoli)

Pitting edema, backward failure of the R ventricle leads to congestion of systemic capillaries, this generates excess fluid accumulation in the body. This causes swelling under the skin (Peripheral edema or Anasarca) and usually affects the dependent parts of the body. Noctoria (frequent nighttime urination)-occur when fluid from the legs returned to the bloodstream while lying down at night.
Ascites- In severe cases fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity causing swelling. hepatomegaly-( enlargement of the liver) -significant liver congestion

Cyanosis which suggest severe dyspnea

( shortness of breath and in severe cases, dyspnea at rest

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea- attacks of severe shortness of breath and coughing that generally at night..

may result

CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT/ BRAIN ATTACK/STROKE

Is a rapid loss of brain function due to

disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. This due to ischemia caused by blockage or hemorrhage. It is a medical emergency and can cause permanent neurological damage and death.

CLASSIFICATION
TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK( TIA)

leaves little or no permanent damage within the brain.

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:

weakness

Visual impairment
Loss of coordination or balance Headache Mental confusion Unintelligible speech