ANATOMI DAN FISIOLOGI

SISTEM PENGHADAMAN

FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Take in food Break down the food Absorb digested molecules Provide nutrients Eliminate wastes

The Digestive System

ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Digestive Tract Histology

1. 2. 3. 4.

Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Serosa

(adventitia)

Oral Cavity
1. Lips and Cheek

2. Tongue
3. 32 teeths 4. Palate and Tonsils 5. Salivary Glands

Oral Cavity
1. Bibir dan pipi - mengunyah dan bercakap 2. Lidah - bercakap, merasa, mengunyah, menelan 3. 32 gigi - mengerat, melumat/menghancur - crown, neck and root 4. Lelangit - keras dan lembut 5. Salivary Glands - menghasilkan serous dan mocous 3 glands - 1. Parotid, 2. Submandibular, 3. Sublingual glands

Salivary Glands

Pharynx (tekak)

1. Nasopharynx

2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx

Esophagus

Esophagus
1. Salur memanjang dari pharynx ke stomach melalui diaphragm 2. Ukuran panjangnya 25 sm 3. Esophageal sphincters mengantar makanan keluar dan masuk esophagus 4. Cardiac sphincter - lower esophageal sphincter 5. Mucous glands - mucus

Heart

Esophagus

Stomach

Stomach
1. Stomach - cardiac region and pyloric region 2. The wall of stomach 3 layers; i. longitudinal ii. circular iii. oblique 3. Gastric glands produce; i. mucus ii. hydrocloric acid iii. pepsin iv. gastrin v. intrinsic factor

Stomach

Stomach

Small Intestine
Small intestine - 3 parts:

i.

duodenum

ii. jejunum

iii. ileum
Intestinal Lining - circular folds, villi dan microvilli Goblet cells & duodenal glands - mucus

Small Intestine

Duodenum

Liver
1. Liver menerima darah daripada: i. hepatic artery ii. Hepatic portal vein 2. Liver produces bile. Bile leaves lever - hepatic duct system. 3. Liver devided into lobules - portal triads 4. Portal triads: I. hepatic portal vein ii. hepatic artery iii. hepatic duct

Liver

Pancreas
1. Pancreas adalah kelenjar endokrine dan exorine. 2. Tugasnya mengawal tahap nutrein darah 3. Exocrine menghasilkan; i. bicarbonate ions ii. digestive enzymes

Liver, gallbladder, Pancreas and Duct System

Liver, gallbladder, Pancreas and Duct System

Liver Histology

Anatomy and Histology of the Pancreas

Large Intestine
1. Colon terdiri daripada; i. Ascending, ii. tranverse iii. descending iv. Sigmoid portions 2. Mengandungi mucus - crypts 3. Rectum adalah saluran lurus - anal canal 4. Cecum and appendix - blind sacs 5. Cecum - junction of small and large intestines.

Large Intestine

Peritoneum and Mesenteries

MOVEMENTS AND SECRETIONS IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Sistem Penghadaman
1. Sistem Penghadaman di atur oleh: i. neural ii. hormonal mechanisms 2. Intramural plexuses bertanggungjawab kepada local reflexes

Oral Cavity, Pharynx and Esophagus

1. Amylase (saliva) mula penghadaman.
2. Mucin menghasilkan pelincir 3. Gigi - menghancurkan makanan 4. Voluntary phase: Bolus akan ditolak oleh lidah ke pharynx

Oral Cavity, Pharynx and Esophagus

5. Pharyngeal phase:
i. soft plate close nasopharynx ii. epiglottis close - larynx iii. pharyngeal muscles move the bolus to the esophagus

iv. Peritalsis ( a wave of constriction) moves the food down to the stomach

3 fasa Menelan (1)

3 fasa Menelan (2)

3 fasa Menelan (3)

Stomach
1. Secretion of the Stomach i. mucus protect the stomach lining

ii. hydrocloric acid kills microorganisms & activates pepsin iii. pepsin starts protein digestion
iv. intrinsic factor aids (vitamin B12 ) absorption v. Gastrin helps regulate stomach secretion and movements.

Stomach

Stomach

Stomach

Stomach
2. Regulation of stomach Secretion i. Cephalis phase - sight, taste, smell .. ii. Gastrin - stomach secretion iii. Gastric phase - promotes secretion iv. intrinsic factor aids (vitamin B12 ) absorption v. Gastrin helps regulate stomach secretion and movements. vi. Intestinal phase - acidic chyme

3 Fasa Perembesan Gastrik

3 Fasa Perembesan Gastrik

3 Fasa Perembesan Gastrik

Stomach
3. Movement in the stomach

i. Mixing wave mix the stomach contents

with the stomach secretion - chyme

ii. Peritalsis wave moves the chyme to the

duodenum

Small Intestine
1. Secretions of the small intestine
i. Mucus protects: - digestive enzymes - stomach acid ii. Chemical or tactile irritation

Small Intestine
2. Movement in the small intestine i. Segmental contraction occur - short distance - mix intestinal secretion ii. Peritalsis contraction occur - length distance - propel chyme 3. Most absorption occurs in the duodenum and jejunum

Liver
1. Liver produces;

i. bile - emulsify fats

ii. stores and processes nutrients

iii. produces new molecules

iv. detoxifies molecules v. produces blood proteins

Kawalan Rembesan Bile

Pancreas
1. Pancreas produces;

i. bicarbonate ions
ii. digestive enzymes

2. Acidic chyme - a watery bicarbonate solution

3. Fatty acids and amino acids (duodenum) pancreatic enzymes

Pancreas

Large Intestine
1. Functions:

i. feces production
ii. water absorption

2. Much longer to move

3. In the colon, chyme is converted to feces 4. Mass movements occur 3/4 times/day 5. Defecation - elimination of feces

DIGESTION, ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT

Digestion, Absorption and Transport

1. Chemical breakdown of organic molecules
into their component parts 2. After digest; - some diffuse through the intestinal wall - transported across the intestinal wall

Carbohydrates
1. Polysaccharides (split) to disaccharides by salivary and pancreatic amylases 2. Disaccharides (breakdown) to monosaccharides by disaccharides - surface of intestinal epithelium 3. Monosaccharides absorbed - blood, carried by portal veins to liver 4. Glucose - carried and enter into the cells by facilited diffusion. 5. Insulin increases the rate of glucose transport

Lipids
1. 2. 3. 4. Bile salts is emulsify lipids Pancreatic lipase (breakdown) lipid Products - micelles Lipids are stored in the adipose and in the liver 5. Lipids release when it needed by the body

Proteins
1. Proteins (split) - small polypeptides by enzymes (stomach and pancreas 2. Peptidases complete the digestive process 3. Amino acids (absorbed) - intestinal epithelial cells 4. Amino acid actively transported - growth hormon and insulin 5. Amino acid - build new proteins and energy

Water and Minerals

1. Water can move - osmotic condition 2. 99 % water absorbed 3. Most minerals are actively transported

SEKIAN TERIMA KASIH