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Many engineers unintentionally attempt treating the symptoms, instead of dealing with the cause and effect phenomenon.
Premature material deterioration can arise from a number of causes, the most common being when the construction specifications are violated or when the facility is exposed to harsher service environment than those expected during the planning and design stages. Physical damage can also arise from fire, explosion as well as from restraints, both internal and external, against structural movement. Except in extreme cases, most of the structures require restoration to meet its functional requirements by appropriate repair techniques.
CONDITION SURVEY
Definition : Condition Survey is an examination of concrete for the purpose of identifying and defining area of distress. Objectives : To identify -causes of distress and -their sources; To assess -the extent of distress occurred the residual strength of the structure and its rehabilitability To prioritise the distressed elements according to seriousness for repairs To select and plan the effective remedy. Find the cause, the remedy will suggest itself Stages : a) Preliminary Inspection. b) Planning. c) Visual Inspection. d) Field and Laboratory testing.
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REPAIR..
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Diamond-blade saw
Piston-jack splitter
Blasting operations in or adjacent to buildings, structures, or other facilities should be carefully planned with full consideration of all forces and conditions involved. Appropriate vibration and damage control should be done accordingly.
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SURFACE PREPARARTION
For reinforced concrete, repairs must include proper preparation of the reinforcing steel to develop bond with the replacement concrete to ensure desired behavior in the structure. A) CONCRETE 1. Chemical cleaning : In cases in which concrete is contaminated with oil, gsrease, or dirt, these contaminants must be removed prior to placement of repair materials 2. Mechanical cleaning : Mechanical devices include scabblers, scarifiers, and impact tools. Depending upon the hammer heads used or the nature of the abrasive material, a variety of degrees of surface preparation may be achieved 3. Shot blasting : Steel shot blasting produces a nearly uniform profile that is ideally suited for thin overlay repairs. 4. Blast cleaning. : Blast cleaning includes wet and dry and blasting, and water jetting.
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5. Acid etching : Acid etching of concrete surfaces has long been used to remove laitance and normal amounts of dirt. The acid will remove enough cement paste to provide a roughened surface which will improve the bond of replacement materials. 6. Bonding agents: The general guidance is that small thin patches (less than 50 mm (2 in.) thick) should receive a bonding coat while thicker replacements probably do not require any bonding agent. B) REINFORCING STEEL 1. In limited areas, wire brushing or other hand methods of cleaning are acceptable. For larger areas, dry sandblasting is the preferred method. Alternative methods of cleaning the steel are wet sandblasting or water-jet blasting.
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Conventional reinforcement
This technique consists of sealing the crack, drilling holes 19 mm (3/4 in.) in at 90 degree to the crack plane, cleaning the hole of dust, filling the hole and crack plane with an adhesive (typically epoxy) pumped under low pressure 344 to 552 KPa (50 to 80 psi), and placing a reinforcing bar into the drilled hole. 4 or 5 bars are used, extending at least 0.5 m (1.6 ft) on each side of the crack. The adhesive bonds the bar to the walls of the hole, fills the crack plane, bonds the cracked concrete surfaces together in one monolithic form, and thus reinforces the section.
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Prestressing steel.
This technique uses prestressing strands or bars to apply a compressive force. Adequate anchorage must be provided for the prestressing steel, and care is needed so that the problem will not merely migrate to another part of the structure. The effects of the tensioning force (including eccentricity) on the stress within the structure should be carefully analyzed.
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Autogenous healing has practical application for closing cracks in a moist environment. Healing will not occur if the crack is active and is subjected to movement during the healing period. Healing will also not occur if there is a positive flow of water through the crack which dissolves and washes away the lime deposit. A partial exception is a situation in which the flow of water is so slow that complete evaporation occurs at the exposed face causing redeposition of the dissolved salts.
Healing occurs through the carbonation of calcium hydroxide in the cement paste by carbon dioxide, which is present in the surrounding air and water. Calcium carbonate and calcium hydroxide crystals precipitate, accumulate, and grow within the cracks. As a result, some of the tensile strength of the concrete is restored across the cracked section, and the crack may become sealed.
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Concrete removal Surfaces cleaning Formwork Concreting External vibration Curing of concrete
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The semicircular pipe is made by splitting a 200-mm (8-in.)-dia piece of 16gauge pipe and bending it to a semicircular shape with about a 76-mm- (3-in.) flange on each side. Then, the area surrounding the crack should be well cleaned and the pipe should be centered on the crack. Once in place, the sections of the pipe should be welded together. Holes should be cut into the pipe to receive grout pipes. Finally, the pipe section should be covered with concrete placed concentrically by hand methods. The grout pipes may be used for grouting at a later date to attempt to restore structural integrity of the cracked section.
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This technique is applicable only where cracks run in reasonably straight lines and are accessible at one end. This method is most often used to repair vertical cracks in walls.
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Preparation of the area to be repaired, mixing, transporting, placing, and finishing fiber-reinforced concrete follows the procedures for and generally uses the same equipment as plain concrete. Pumping of steel fiber-reinforced concrete with up to 1.5 percent fibers by volume has been done successfully. Mixture design and especially the amount of fibers used are critical so that design parameters for strength and durability are met and the mixture will still be workable.
About 2 percent by volume is considered a practical upper limit for field placement with the necessary workability.
Steel fiber-reinforced shotcrete, with up to 2.0 percent fibers by volume, generally mixed with the dry-mixture process has been successfully used to repair concrete.
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The removal of existing damage is necessary to ensure that repair material bond well with the original material. If a significant amount of removal is necessary then temporary support is required. A steel reinforcement cage may be constructed around the damaged section. Once the form is in place, it may be filled with any suitable material. Choice of the filling material should be based upon the environment in which it will serve as well as a knowledge of what caused the original material to fail. Filling may be accomplished by pumping, by tremie placement, by preplaced aggregate techniques, or by conventional concrete placement if the site can be dewatered.
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If a cracked concrete surface is dried, flooded with the monomer, and polymerized in place, the cracks will be filled and structurally repaired
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Polymer impregnation has not been used successfully to repair fine cracks. Badly fractured beams have been repaired with polymer impregnation by drying the fracture, temporarily encasing it in a watertight (monomer proof) band of sheet metal, soaking the fractures with a monomer, and polymerizing the monomer. Large voids or broken areas in compression zones can be filled with fine and coarse aggregate before flooding them with the monomer, providing a polymer-concrete repair.
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REPAIR AND REHABILTATION OF RCC STRUCTURES STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION METHOD 18 : PREPLACED-AGGREGATE CONCRETE
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METHOD 20 : SLABJACKING
Slabjacking is a repair process in which holes are drilled in an existing concrete slab and a cementitious grout is injected to fill any voids and raise the slab as necessary. This process is also known as mudjacking. Slabjacking is applicable to any situation in which a slab or other concrete section or grade needs to be repositioned. Slabjacking should be considered as an alternative to removal and replacement with conventional concrete. Applications include sidewalks, pavement slabs, water tanks, and swimming pools. This process has also been used to fill voids behind and under concrete structures; in such applications, it is simply a variation of portland-cement grouting.
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METHOD 21 : STITCHING
This min stitching dogs (U-shaped metal units with short legs) that span the crack. Stitching may be used when tensile strength must be reestablished across major cracks. Stitching a crack tends to stiffen the structure, and the stiffening may accentuate the overall structural restraint, causing the concrete to crack elsewhere. Therefore, it may be necessary to strengthen the adjacent section with external reinforcement embedded in a suitable overlay. ethod involves drilling holes on both sides of the crack and grouting
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Procedure: The stitching procedure consists of drilling holes on both sides of the crack, cleaning the holes, and anchoring the legs of the dogs in the holes, with either a no shrink grout or an epoxy-resin-based bonding system. Spacing of the stitching dogs should be reduced at the end of cracks and consideration should be given to drilling a hole at each end of the crack to blunt it and relieve the concentration of stress. Both sides of the concrete section shall be stitched so that further movement of the structure will not bend the dogs. Stitching shall be done on the tension face, where movement is occurring. The crack shall be made watertight as well as stitched to protect the dogs from corrosion. If there is a tendency for the crack to close as well as to open, the dogs must be stiffened and strengthened.
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The wet-mix process shall consist of: Thoroughly mixing all the ingredients with the exception of the accelerating admixture, Feeding the mixture into the delivery equipment; Delivering the mixture by positive displacement or compressed air to the nozzle; Jetting the mixture from the nozzle at high velocity on to the surface to receive the shotcrete. Procedure: The gun is easily assembled from readily available material, has only a few critical dimensions, and can be operated by personnel without extensive training. The gun is used for application of mortar in small, shallow repairs on vertical and overhead surfaces.
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REPAIR AND REHABILTATION OF RCC STRUCTURES STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION METHOD 24 : FOUNDATION REHABILITATION METHODS
A. Shoring
1.Raking shores with the angle of shores generally 60o to 75o are usually used where external support is necessary. In case, the feet of raking shores are to be kept free, then flying shores can be provided which strut against another structure or wall. 2. Flying shores merely provide a restraint against building or tilting. 3. Dead shores are verified struts bearing on the ground at the required distance & supporting the vertical load of a wall wherever required in conjunction with flying shores or horizontal ties
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RETROFITTING .
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RETROFITTING
In retrofitting, the structure must be designed so it is in keeping with its purpose of use and is both safe and durable, with consideration given to the ease of retrofitting construction and post-retrofitting maintenance, as well as overall economy and environmentfriendliness. Retrofitting is an important element of home improvement, especially when it comes to protecting older homes from damage, especially damage caused by the elements and weather events. The term "retro" generally refers to things of the past, so combined with the term "fitting" we can establish that it refers to fitting things in with items from the past. When it comes to home improvement, it essentially means adding new equipment or technology to previously built structures.
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(4) If the structure does not fulfill performance requirements, and if continued use of the structure through retrofitting is desired, proceed with design of the retrofitting structure.
(5) Select an appropriate retrofitting method and establish the materials to be used, structural specifications and construction method.
(6) Evaluate the performance of the structure after retrofitting and verify that it will fulfill performance requirements. (7) If it is determined that the retrofitting structure will be capable of fulfilling performance requirements with the selected retrofitting and construction methods, implement the retrofitting work.
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RETROFFITING STRATEGIES
A number of options are available for giving a relief to a distressed structure, which could cover any of the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Reduction of dead/live loads Repair/strengthening of Columns, beams and slabs Improving the compressive strength of concrete. Attending to Cracks and joints Improving the masonry structure to be able to resist earthquake forces Providing protective cover against the aggressive deteriorating chemicals.
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STRESS REDUCTION
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Reducing dead load and live loads; Replacing heavy solid partitions with lightweight partitions; Enlarging openings by removing filler walls; Reducing numbers of stories; Changing the building use to a lower classification of loading; Span reduction of beams by providing struts etc; Installation of shear movement joints in a continuous spans at points of zero moment.
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The active cracks required for accommodating thermal movements shall be repaired by suitably locating the expansion joints and filling them with flexible materials like poly-sulphides, bituminous fillers etc.
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SEISMIC REHABILITATION
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Seismic Rehabilitation
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Filling Openings
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Adding Buttresses
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Adding Braces
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SALIENT FEATUERS
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VISUAL OBSERVATIONS
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THANK YOU
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Question
What is Seismic Rehabilitation ?
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