Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Nutrient requirement
Energy
Energy needs of healthy children determined on : - basis of basal metabolism - rate of growth - energy expenditure Must be sufficient to ensure growth & spare protein, but not so excessive Suggested intake proportions : 50 60% carbohydrate, 25 35% fat, 10 15% protein
Protein
Early childhood 1.1 g /kg BW Late childhood 0.95 g/kg BW At risk for inadequate protein intake : - strict vegan diets - with multiple food allergies - who have limited food selection because of fad diets - behavioral problems - inadequate access to food
13 19 34
Necessary for normal growth & development Insufficient intake impaired growth deficiency disease
Iron
Children 1 3 years high risk for iron deficiency anemia Rapid growth period Hb & total iron diet may not be rich in iron-containing food
Calcium
Needed for adequate mineralization & maintenance of growing bone DRI : 1300 mg/day 9 18 yrs 800 mg/day 4 8 yrs 500 mg/day 1 3 yrs Primary sources : milk & dairy product children who consumed no or limited amount at risk for poor bone mineralization
Zinc
Essential for growth if deficiency : - growth failure - poor appetite - decreased taste acuity - poor wound healing RDA : 3 mg / day 1 3 yrs 5 mg / day 4 8 yrs 8 mg / day 9 13 yrs
Best sources : meats & seafood Marginal zinc deficiency reported in children from middle & low-income families (Robert & Heyman, 2000)
Vitamin D
Needed for calcium absorption & deposition calcium in the bones The amount required from dietary sources is depend on nondietary factors (geographic location & time spent outside) Primary sources : vitamin D-fortified milk
Vitamin-Mineral supplement
Do not necessarily fulfill specific nutrient needs Children who take supplement do not exceed the RDA Should not take megadoses, particularly fat soluble vitamins toxicity
Still gaining height & weight Start to walk & talk Depend on brain development Depend on genetic & environmental influences stimulation & nutrition
Marked by vast development and the acquisition of skills Decreased interest in food a difficult time for parents Smaller stomach capacity & variable appetite small serving Eat 4-6 x/day snacks is important should be chosen carefully
Should not be given any food or drink within 1 hours of meal Excessive intake of fruit juices chronic non specific diarrhea Excess juice intake may replace the consumption of higher energy foods childs appetite food intake & poor growth Children usually eat well in group setting ideal environment for nutrition education program
May participate in the school lunch program or bring a lunch from home
Increased prevalence Not a benign condition The longer a child has been overweight the more likely the is to be overweight during adolescent & adulthood Factors contributing :
food establishment eating tied to leisure activities larger portion size inactivity
Iron deficiency
One of the most common nutrient disorders of childhood (9% of toddlers) Possible factors associated : dietary intake, parents educational level, access to medical care 1-yr old child who consume large quantities of milk only milk anemia Do not like meat iron consumed in the nonheme form
Prevention : - consuming good dietary sources of iron - the amount of ascorbic acid and MFP to absorption
Dental Caries
Drink sweetened liquids from a bottle at bedtime susceptible to early childhood caries (Baby bottle tooth decay) Snacks choose that are least cariogenic Chewing sugarless gum salivary pH beneficial Toothbrush should be introduced
Allergies
Usually develop during infancy & childhood and more likely when family history (+) Allergic responses most often include respiratory or GI symptom & skin reaction
Affect the childrens nutrient intake & eating behaviors Typically eat only specific foods
restricted diet
at risk for inadequate nutrient intake Usually refuse fruit & vegetables Commonly very resistant to taking supplement
Popular dietary intervention : gluten-free and casein-free diet Nutrition assessment should include : - the possibility of medication and nutrient interaction - use of alternative therapies, herbal and supplement Nutrition intervention may include a behavioral program types of food accepted
Osteoporosis prevention : - begins in childhood by maximizing calcium retention & bone density - most efficient during childhood & adolescent Education is needed to encourage young people to consume an appropriate amount
Fiber
Needed for health & normal laxation Education is needed to help increase fiber intake
ZZT07