Oracle Database Semantic Technologies: An Overview of Core and Enterprise Functionality

Souri Das, Ph.D. Architect, Oracle

Feb 2012

Outline
Fundamentals
Semantic Technologies in a nutshell Source for RDF data OWL Inferencing Primer

Overview
Architecture Core Functionality: Load, Infer, Query Enterprise Functionality Tools: OBIEE, Visualization Storage Installation and configuration Loading Querying in SQL & SPARQL Inferencing Semantic Indexing of Unstructured Content Security
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Detailed look

Semantic Technologies in a nutshell

Data (expressed in RDF)

<entity, attr, value> triplets (similar to: unpivoted tables) entity typically is associated with a type (rdf:type <employee>) May be extended to quads: a grouping of triples BENEFIT: uniform structure => allows syntactic integration extended with class and property hierarchies Many other such rules BENEFIT => allows discovery of implicit knowledge BENEFIT => allows semantic integration

Schema / Ontology (expressed in OWL)

Query (expressed in SPARQL)

BENEFIT => Suits the triple or quad-based structure of RDF

Source for RDF data

Native RDF
Example: Social network

Converted to RDF
Example: Tables (via unpivoting) Example: XML Example: Text (via NLP extraction) Example: Spatial (ogc:WKTLiteral) Example: Multimedia (via extraction)

Viewed as RDF
Example: Tables

OWL Inferencing: A short Primer

rdfs:subClassOf
rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:domain rdfs:range owl:equivalentClass owl:equivalentProperty owl:disjointWith owl:complementOf

owl:FunctionalProperty owl:InverseFunctionalProperty

owl:SymmetricProperty
owl:TransitiveProperty owl:inverseOf owl:sameAs owl:differentFrom owl:someValuesFrom owl:allValuesFrom

owl:hasValue

Inference: Examples
owl:FunctionalProperty owl:InverseFunctionalProperty owl:SymmetricProperty owl:TransitiveProperty owl:inverseOf

:hasMother rdf:type owl:FunctionalProperty :John :John => :Mary :Maria :hasMother :hasMother :Mary :Maria

owl:sameAs :Maria owl:sameAs :Mary

Inference: Examples
owl:FunctionalProperty owl:InverseFunctionalProperty owl:SymmetricProperty owl:TransitiveProperty owl:inverseOf

:hasSSN rdf:type owl:InverseFunctionalProperty :John :hasSSN 123-45-6789 :Johny :hasSSN 123-45-6789 => :John owl:sameAs :Johny :Johny owl:sameAs :John

Inference: Examples
owl:FunctionalProperty owl:InverseFunctionalProperty owl:SymmetricProperty owl:TransitiveProperty owl:inverseOf

:hasSibling rdf:type owl:SymmetricProperty :John => :Mary :hasSibling :hasSibling :Mary :John

Inference: Examples
owl:FunctionalProperty owl:InverseFunctionalProperty owl:SymmetricProperty owl:TransitiveProperty owl:inverseOf

:hasAncestor rdf:type owl:TransitiveProperty :John :Mary => :John :hasAncestor :hasAncestor :hasAncestor :Mary :Tom :Tom

Inference: Examples
owl:FunctionalProperty owl:InverseFunctionalProperty owl:SymmetricProperty owl:TransitiveProperty owl:inverseOf

:hasParent owl:inverseOf :hasChild :John => :Mary :hasParent :hasChild :Mary :John

Inference: Examples
owl:equivalentClass owl:equivalentProperty owl:disjointWith

owl:complementOf

:Male owl:disjointWith :Female :John :Mary => :John :Mary rdf:type rdf:type :Male :Female :Mary :John

owl:differentFrom owl:differentFrom

Inference: Examples
owl:equivalentClass owl:equivalentProperty owl:disjointWith

owl:complementOf

:NonHuman owl:complementOf :Fish => :Fish :Human rdfs:subClassOf owl:disjointWith owl:disjointWith

:Human :NonHuman :Human :Fish

Inference: Examples
owl:someValuesFrom owl:allValuesFrom owl:hasValue

:Player _:c1 _:c1 _:c1

owl:equivalentClass owl:onProperty owl:someValuesFrom rdf:type

_:c1 :participateIn :Sports owl:Restriction

:Soccer rdf:type :John :particpateIn => :John rdf:type

:Sports :Soccer

:Player

Inference: Examples
owl:someValuesFrom owl:allValuesFrom owl:hasValue

:Vegetarian _:c1 _:c1 _:c1 :John :John => :bean

rdfs:subClassOf _:c1 owl:onProperty :eat owl:allValuesFrom :Vegetable rdf:type owl:Restriction

rdf:type :Vegetarian :eat :bean rdf:type :Vegetable

Inference: Examples
owl:someValuesFrom owl:allValuesFrom owl:hasValue

:EligibleToBePresident owl:equivalentClass _:c1 _:c1 owl:onProperty :countryOfBirth _:c1 owl:hasValue :USA _:c1 rdf:type owl:Restriction :John => :John :countryOfBirth :USA rdf:type :EligibleToBePresident :EligibleToBePresident

:Tom rdf:type => :Tom :countryOfBirth

:USA

THE FOLLOWING IS INTENDED TO OUTLINE OUR GENERAL PRODUCT DIRECTION. IT IS INTENDED FOR INFORMATION PURPOSES ONLY, AND MAY NOT BE INCORPORATED INTO ANY CONTRACT. IT IS NOT A COMMITMENT TO DELIVER ANY MATERIAL, CODE, OR FUNCTIONALITY, AND SHOULD NOT BE RELIED UPON IN MAKING PURCHASING DECISION. THE DEVELOPMENT, RELEASE, AND TIMING OF ANY FEATURES OR FUNCTIONALITY DESCRIBED FOR ORACLE'S PRODUCTS REMAINS AT THE SOLE DISCRETION OF ORACLE.
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Importance of W3C & OGC Semantic Standards

Key W3C Web Semantic Activities:
W3C RDF Working Group W3C SPARQL Working Group W3C RDB2RDF Working Group (Editors of R2RML) W3C OWL Working group W3C Semantic Web Education & Outreach (SWEO) W3C Health Care & Life Sciences Interest Group (HCLS) W3C Multimedia Semantics Incubator group W3C Semantic Web Rules Language (SWRL)

OGC GeoSPARQL Standard Working Group (Tech. Editor)

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Architectural Overview
SPARQL Endpoints
Core Programming functionality Interface
SPARQL: Jena / Sesame Java API support JDBC LOAD Bulk-Load OWLsubsets Incr. DML Joseki / Sesame Java Programs

Tools SQL Interface

SQLplus
SQLdev. PL/SQL OBIEE
via SPARQL Gateway

Visualizer Cytoscape-based Reasoners: Pellet NLP Extractors

INFER User-def. RDF/S

QUERY (SPARQL in SQL) Query OntologyRDF/OWL assisted data and Query of ontologies Enterprise Data

3rd-Party Callouts

RDF/OWL

Oracle DB

Semantic Indexes

Security: Oracle Label Security RDF/OWL data and ontologies Rulebases: OWL, RDF/S, user-defined Inferred RDF/OWL data

Enterprise (Relational) data

Semantic Store: Core Entities

Sem. Network Dictionary and data tables. New entities: models, rule bases, and rules indexes (entailments). OWL and RDFS rule bases are preloaded. Model A model holds an RDF graph (set of S-P-O triples) Rulebase Built-in or user-defined rulebase is a set of rules used for inferencing. Entailments An entailment stores triples derived via inferencing. Application Table Contains col. of object type sdo_rdf_triple_s, associated with an RDF model, to allow DML on the RDF model.
Oracle Database Rulebases & Vocabularies

Application Tables
R

OWL subset

RDF / RDFS

Rule base m

Models
M1 X1 M2

herman scott

A1
R

X2 Entailments

A2

Xp

Values

scott

An

Mn Triples

Semantic Network (MDSYS)

Mapping Core Entities to DB objects

Each core entity is mapped to a view object in the database: Sem. Store entity type Model m Rulebase rb Virtual Model vm Database View name mdsys.RDFM_m mdsys.RDFR_rb mdsys.SEMV_vm (allows duplicates) mdsys.SEMU_vm (unique)

Rules Index (entailment) x mdsys.RDFI_x

SELECT privilege for a core entity is directly related to SELECT privilege for corresponding view object.

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Core Functionality: Load / Query / Inference

Load
Bulk load Incremental load
Application Tables
Oracle Database Rulebases & Vocabularies
OWL subset RDF / RDFS

Rule base m

Models
M1 X1 M2

Query and DML SPARQL (from Java/endpoint) Inference Native support for OWL 2 RL, SNOMED (OWL 2 EL subset), OWLprime, SKOSCORE, etc. Named Graph (Local/Global) Inference User-defined rules

scott

A1
R

herman

X2 Entailments

A2

scott
R

Xp

Values

An

Mn Triples Semantic Network (MDSYS)

Enterprise Functionality: SQL / Sem. Indexing / Security SPARQL query (embedding) in SQL
Allows joining SPARQL results with relational data Allows use of rich SQL operators (such as aggregates)

Semantic indexing
Index consists of RDF triples extracted from documents stored (directly or indirectly) in a table column

Extraction done by one or more 3rd party information extractors

Security: Fine-Grained Access Control (for each triple)

Uses Oracle Label Security (OLS) Each RDF triple has an associated sensitivity label

Querying Text and Spatial data using SPARQL

Tools: OBIEE for RDF data (using SPARQL Gateway) Easy integration of RDF data with Business Intelligence (OBIEE) through SPARQL Gateway

Tools: Visualization using Cytoscape and SEM_ANALYSIS

Detail Graph
Whole graph or a subgraph

Summary Graph
Static Summaries Representative Instance Particular Instance Dynamic Summaries Summary for SPARQL-pattern based dynamic subgraph

(Summary-Detail) Hybrid Graph

Example 1: Detail Graph

Example 2: Detail SubGraphs

Example 3: Representative & Particular Instance Summary Graphs

Note: The right graph was manually re-arranged to simplify comparison.

Example 4: Dynamic Subset-based Summary

Example 5: Particular Instance also an example of hybrid (detailsummary) graph

Detail Edge Aggregate Edge (can be expanded Using expand Property) Absent Edge

Installation and Configuration of Oracle Database Semantic Technologies

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Installation and Configuration (1)

Load the PL/SQL packages and jar file
cd $ORACLE_HOME/md/admin Login as sysdba SQL> @catsem

customize

Create a tablespace for semantic network

create bigfile tablespace semts datafile '?/dbs/semts01.dat' size 512M reuse autoextend on next 512M maxsize unlimited extent management local segment space management auto;

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Installation and Configuration (2)

Create a temporary tablespace
create bigfile temporary tablespace semtmpts tempfile ?/dbs/semtmpts.dat' size 512M reuse autoextend on next 512M maxsize unlimited EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL ; ALTER DATABASE DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE semtmpts;

Create an undo tablespace

CREATE bigfile UNDO TABLESPACE semundots DATAFILE ?/dbs/semundots.dat' SIZE 512M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON next 512M maxsize unlimited EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL ; ALTER SYSTEM SET UNDO_TABLESPACE=semundots;
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Installation and Configuration (3)

Create a semantic network

As sysdba SQL> exec sem_apis.create_sem_network(semts);

Create a semantic model

As scott (or other) SQL> create table test_tpl (triple sdo_rdf_triple_s) compress; SQL> exec sem_apis.create_sem_model(test,test_tpl,triple);

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Loading RDF triples

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Loading Semantic Data Incremental DMLs (small number of changes)

SQL: Insert SQL: Delete Java API (Jena): GraphOracleSem.add, delete Java API (Sesame): OracleSailConnection.addStatement, removeStatements

Recommended loading method fo very small numbe of triples

Bulk load (adding many triples)

Recommended loading method for very large number of triples

PL/SQL: sem_apis.bulk_load_from_staging_table() Staging table may be populated using SQL*Loader or External Table Java API (Jena) OracleBulkUpdateHandler.addInBulk, prepareBulk, completeBulk Java API (Sesame) OracleBulkUpdateHandler.addInBulk, prepareBulk, completeBulk

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Bulk load: Load Data into Staging Table

Create a staging table
CREATE TABLE STAGE_TABLE ( RDF$STC_sub varchar2(4000) not null, RDF$STC_pred varchar2(4000) not null, RDF$STC_obj varchar2(4000) not null, RDF$STC_graph varchar2(4000) ) compress; -- RDF$STC_graph column is required if loading N-Quads

Grant appropriate privileges to MDSYS

GRANT SELECT, INSERT on STAGE_TABLE to MDSYS; -- INSERT privilege is required if using External Table (see below)

Two ways for loading from file(s)

Using External Table (for N-Triple or N-Quad format) Using SQL*Loader (for N-Triple format only)

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Load Data into Staging Table: using External Table

Create an External Table and associate it with the data files
BEGIN sem_apis.create_source_external_table( source_table => 'stage_table_source' ,def_directory => 'DATA_DIR' ,bad_file => 'CLOBrows.bad' ); END; / grant SELECT on "stage_table_source" to MDSYS; alter table "stage_table_source" location ('demo_datafile.nt');

Load content of External Table into the Staging Table

BEGIN sem_apis.load_into_staging_table( staging_table => 'STAGE_TABLE' ,source_table => 'stage_table_source' ,input_format => 'N-QUAD'); END; /

For large loads, consider parallel loading

Distribute the input data into multiple files (associate with a single External Table) Use parallel=><n> when invoking sem_apis.load_into_staging_table
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Load Data into Staging Table: using SQL*Loader

Create a control file for SQL*Loader
UNRECOVERABLE LOAD DATA APPEND into table stage_table when (1) <> '# ( RDF$STC_sub CHAR(4000) terminated by whitespace, RDF$STC_pred CHAR(4000) terminated by whitespace, RDF$STC_obj CHAR(5000) rtrim(:RDF$STC_obj,'. '||CHR(9)||CHR(10)||CHR(13)) )

Invoke SQL*Loader
sqlldr userid=<DBuser>/<passwd> control=<control_file_name> data=<data_file_name> direct=true

For large loads, consider parallel loading

Distribute the input data into multiple files and invoke sqlldr from multiple sessions sqlldr userid=<DBuser>/<passwd> control=<control_file_name> data=<data_file_name> direct=true parallel=true &

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Loading RDF model from Staging Table

Once Staging Table has been loaded, issue the following call
BEGIN sem_apis.bulk_load_from_staging_table( model_name => my_rdf_model' ,table_owner => SCOTT' ,table_name => 'STAGE_TABLE' ,flags => PARSE'); END; /

For parallel loading of large data consider additional attributes in flags parameter
PARALLEL=<n> MBV_METHOD=SHADOW
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Load Data into Staging Table using prepareBulk

When you have many RDF/XML, N3, TriX or TriG files
OracleSailConnection osc = oracleSailStore.getConnection();
Can start multiple store.disableAllAppTabIndexes(); threads and for (int idx = 0; idx < szAllFiles.length; idx++) { load files in parallel osc.getBulkUpdateHandler().prepareBulk( fis, "http://abc", // baseURI RDFFormat.NTRIPLES, // dataFormat "SEMTS", // tablespaceName null, // flags null, // register a // StatusListener "STAGE_TABLE", // table name (Resource[]) null // Resource... for contexts ); osc.commit(); fis.close(); }

The latest Jena Adapter has prepareBulk and completeBulk APIs

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More Data Loading Choices (1)

Use External Table to load data into Staging Table
CREATE TABLE stable_ext( RDF$STC_sub varchar2(4000), RDF$STC_pred varchar2(4000), RDF$STC_obj varchar2(4000)) ORGANIZATION EXTERNAL ( TYPE ORACLE_LOADER DEFAULT DIRECTORY tmp_dir ACCESS PARAMETERS( RECORDS DELIMITED by NEWLINE PREPROCESSOR bin_dir:'uncompress.sh' FIELDS TERMINATED BY ' ' ) LOCATION (data1.nt.gz',data2.nt.gz',,data_4.nt.gz' ) ) Multiple REJECT LIMIT UNLIMITED files ;

is critical to

performance
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More Data Loading Choices (2)

Load directly using Jena Adapter

Oracle oracle = new Oracle(szJdbcURL, szUser, szPasswd); Model model = ModelOracleSem.createOracleSemModel( oracle, szModelName); InputStream in = FileManager.get().open("./univ.owl" ); model.read(in, null);

More loading examples using Jena Adapter

Examples 7-2, 7-3, and 7-12 (SPARUL) [1]

Loading RDFa
graphOracleSem.getBulkUpdateHandler().prepareBulk( rdfaUrl, )
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[1]: Oracle Database Semantic Technologies Developer's Guide http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E11882_01/appdev.112/e11828/toc.htm

More Data Loading Choices (3)

Load directly using Sesame Adapter
OraclePool op = new OraclePool( OraclePool.getOracleDataSource(jdbcUrl, user, password)); OracleSailStore store = new OracleSailStore(op, model); SailRepository sr = new SailRepository(store); RepositoryConnection repConn = sr.getConnection(); repConn.setAutoCommit(false); repConn.add(new File(trigFile), "http://my.com/", RDFFormat.TRIG); repConn.commit();

More loading examples using Sesame Adapter

Examples 8-5, 8-7, 8-8, 8-9, and 8-10 [1]
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[1]: Oracle Database Semantic Technologies Developer's Guide http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E11882_01/appdev.112/e11828/toc.htm

Utility APIs
SEM_APIS.remove_duplicates
e.g. exec sem_apis.remove_duplicates(graph_model);

SEM_APIS.merge_models
Can be used to clone model as well. e.g. exec sem_apis.merge_models(model1,model2);

SEM_APIS.swap_names
e.g. exec sem_apis.swap_names(production_model,prototype_model);

SEM_APIS.alter_model (entailment)
e.g. sem_apis.alter_model(m1, MOVE, TBS_SLOWER);

SEM_APIS.rename_model/rename_entailment
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Inference

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Core Inference Features

Inference done using forward chaining
Triples inferred and stored ahead of query time Removes on-the-fly reasoning and results in fast query times

Various native rulebases provided

E.g., RDFS, OWL 2 RL, SNOMED (EL+), SKOS

Validation of inferred data User-defined rules Proof generation

Shows one deduction path

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OWL Subsets Supported

OWL subsets for different applications
RDFS++ RDFS plus owl:sameAs and owl:InverseFunctionalProperty OWLSIF (OWL with IF semantics) Based on Dr. Horsts pD* vocabulary OWLPrime Includes RDFS++, OWLSIF with additional rules Jointly determined with domain experts, customers and partners OWL 2 RL W3C Standard Adds rules about keys, property chains, unions and intersections to OWLPrime SNOMED

Choice of rulebases
If ontology is in EL, choose SNOMED component If OWL 2 features (chains, keys) are not used, choose OWLPrime Choose OWL2RL otherwise.
48 1 Completeness, decidability and complexity of entailment for RDF Schema and a semantic extension involving the OWL vocabulary

11g Release 2 Inference Features

Richer semantics support
OWL 2 RL, SKOS, SNOMED (subset of OWL 2 EL)

Performance enhancements
Large scale owl:sameAs handling Compact materialization of owl:sameAs closure Parallel inference Leverage native Oracle parallel query and parallel DML Incremental inference Efficient updates of inferred graph through additions Compact Data Structures

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Semantics Characterized by Entailment Rules

RDFS has 14 entailment rules defined in the spec. E.g. rule : p rdfs:domain x . u p y. u rdf:type x . OWL 2 RL has 70+ entailment rules. E.g. rule : p rdf:type owl:FunctionalProperty .
x p y1 . x p y2 . x owl:disjointWith y . a rdf:type x . b rdf:type y .

y1 owl:sameAs y2 .

a owl:differentFrom b .

These rules have efficient implementations in RDBMS

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Inference APIs
SEM_APIS.CREATE_ENTAILMENT( index_name sem_models(GraphTBox, GraphABox, ), Recommended sem_rulebases(OWL2RL), API passes, for inference inf_components, options ) Use PROOF=T to generate inference proof
Typical Usage: First load RDF/OWL data Call create_entailment to generate inferred graph Query both original graph and inferred data

Inferred graph contains only new triples! Saves time & resources

SEM_APIS.VALIDATE_ENTAILMENT( Typical Usage: sem_models((GraphTBox, GraphABox, ), First load RDF/OWL data sem_rulebases(OWLPrime), Call create_entailment to generate inferred graph criteria, max_conflicts, Call validate_entailment to find inconsistencies options ) Jena Adapter API: GraphOracleSem.performInference()
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Extending Semantics Supported by 11.2 OWL Inference

Option 1: add user-defined rules
Both 10g and 11g RDF/OWL support user-defined rules in this form:
Antecedents
?x ?z :parentOf :brotherOf ?y . ?x .

Consequents
?z :uncleOf ?y

Filter expressions are allowed ?x :hasAge ?age. ?age > 18 ?x :type :Adult.

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Extending Semantics Supported by 11.2 OWL Inference

Option 2: Separation in TBox and ABox reasoning through PelletDb (using Oracle Jena Adapter) TBox (schema related) tends to be small in size Generate a class subsumption tree using a complete DL reasoners like Pellet ABox (instance related) can be arbitrarily large Use the native inference engine in Oracle to infer new knowledge based on class subsumption tree from TBox
DL reasoner
TBox & Complete class tree

TBox

Inference Engine in Oracle

ABox
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Enabling Advanced Inference Capabilities

Parallel inference option
EXECUTE sem_apis.create_entailment('M_IDX',sem_models('M'), sem_rulebases('OWLPRIME'), null, null, 'DOP=x'); Where x is the degree of parallelism (DOP)

Incremental inference option

EXECUTE sem_apis.create_entailment ('M_IDX',sem_models('M'), sem_rulebases('OWLPRIME'),null,null, 'INC=T');

Enabling owl:sameAs option to limit duplicates

EXECUTE Sem_apis.create _entailment('M_IDX',sem_models('M'), sem_rulebases('OWLPRIME'),null,null,'OPT_SAMEAS=T');

Compact data structures

EXECUTE Sem_apis.create _entailment('M_IDX',sem_models('M'), sem_rulebases(OWLPRIME'),null,null, 'RAW8=T');

OWL2RL/SKOS inference
EXECUTE Sem_apis.create_entailment('M_IDX',sem_models('M'), sem_rulebases(x),null,null); x in (OWL2RL,SKOSCORE)
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Named Graph Based Global and Local Inference

Named Graph Based Global Inference (NGGI) Perform inference on just a subset of the triples Some usage examples

Run NGGI on just the TBox

Run NGGI on just a single named graph Run NGGI on just a single named graph and a TBox Named Graph Based Local Inference (NGLI) Perform local inference for each named graph (optionally with a common Tbox) Triples from different named graphs will not be mixed together. NGGI and NGLI together can achieve efficient named graph based inference maintenance
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Querying Semantic Data

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Semantic Operators Expand Terms for SQL SELECT

Scalable, efficient SQL operators to perform ontologyassisted query against enterprise relational data
ID DIAGNOSIS Hand_Fracture Rheumatoid_Arthritis
Query: Find all entries in diagnosis column that are related to Upper_Extremity_Fracture

Patients diagnosis table

1 2

Syntactic query against relational table will not work!

SELECT p_id, diagnosis FROM Patients Zero Matches! WHERE diagnosis = Upper_Extremity_Fracture;

Traditional Syntactic query against relational data

New Semantic query against relational data (while consulting ontology)

Upper_Extremity_Fracture
rdfs:subClassOf SELECT p_id, diagnosis FROM Patients WHERE SEM_RELATED ( diagnosis, rdfs:subClassOf, Upper_Extremity_Fracture, Medical_ontology Medical_ontology)==1) 1; AND SEM_DISTANCE() <= 2;

rdfs:subClassOf
Forearm_Fracture

Arm_Fracture
rdfs:subClassOf Hand_Fracture
rdfs:subClassOf

Elbow_Fracture

Finger_Fracture
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SPARQL Query Architecture

HTTP

Standard SPARQL Endpoint

Enhanced with query management control

Java

Jena API Jena Adapter

Sesame API Sesame Adapter

SQL

SEM_MATCH

SPARQL-to-SQL Core Logic

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SEM_MATCH: Adding SPARQL to SQL

Extends SQL with SPARQL constructs
Graph Patterns, OPTIONAL, UNION Dataset Constructs FILTER including SPARQL built-ins Prologue Solution Modifiers

Benefits:
Allows SQL constructs/functions: JOINs with other object-relational data DDL Statements: create tables/views

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SEM_MATCH: Adding SPARQL to SQL

SELECT n1, n2 FROM TABLE( SEM_MATCH( PREFIX foaf: <http://...> SELECT ?n1 ?n2 FROM <http://g1> WHERE {?p foaf:name ?n1 OPTIONAL {?p foaf:knows ?f . ?f foaf:name ?n2 } FILTER (REGEX(?n1, ^A)) } ORDER BY ?n1 ?n2, SEM_MODELS(M1),));

SEM_MATCH: Adding SPARQL to SQL

SQL Table Function

SELECT n1, n2 FROM TABLE( SEM_MATCH( n1 n2 PREFIX foaf: <http://...> Alex Jerry SELECT ?n1 ?n2 FROM <http://g1> Alex Tom WHERE {?p foaf:name ?n1 OPTIONAL {?p Bill foaf:knows ?f . Alice ?f foaf:name ?n2 } Alice Jill FILTER (REGEX(?n1, ^A)) } ORDER BY ?n1 ?n2, Alice John SEM_MODELS(M1),));

SEM_MATCH: Adding SPARQL to SQL

Rewritable

SQL Table Function

SELECT n1, n2 FROM (TABLE( SELECT v1.value AS n1, v2.value AS n2 SEM_MATCH( FROM VALUES v1, VALUES v2 PREFIX foaf: <http://...> TRIPLES t1, TRIPLES t2, SELECT ?n1 ?n2 = v1.value_id WHERE t1.obj_id FROM AND <http://g1> t1.pred_id = 1234 WHERE AND {?p foaf:name ?n1 OPTIONAL {?p foaf:knows ?f . ) ?f foaf:name ?n2 } Get 1 declarative SQL query (REGEX(?n1, ^A)) } - FILTER Query optimizer sees 1 query - Get all the performance of Oracle SQL Engine ORDER BY ?n1 ?n2 , - compression, indexes, parallelism, etc. SEM_MODELS(M1),));

SEM_MATCH Table Function Arguments

SELECT ?a WHERE { ?a foaf:name ?b }

SEM_MATCH( query, models, rulebases, options );

Container(s) for asserted quads + Built-in (e.g. OWL2RL) and user-defined rulebases

Basic unit of access control Entailed triples

ALLOW_DUP=T STRICT_TERM_COMP=F

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GovTrack RDF Data

RDF/OWL data about activities of US Congress Political Party Membership http://www.govtrack.us/developers/rdf.xpd Voting Records Bill Sponsorship GovTrack in Oracle Committee Membership Offices and Terms GOV_TBOX
GOV_PEOPLE GOV_ASSERT_VM
Asserted data only (2.8M triples)

GOV_BILLS_110 GOV_BILLS_111 GOV_VOTES_07 INFERENCE GOV_VOTES_08 GOV_VOTES_09 GOV_DISTRICTS (US Census) GOV_TRACK_OWL
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OWL2RL

GOV_ALL_VM
Asserted + Inferred (3.1M triples)

Virtual Models Semantic Models Rulebases Entailments

Virtual Models

A virtual model is a logical RDF graph that can be used in a SEM_MATCH query.
Result of UNION or UNION ALL of one or more models and optionally the corresponding entailment

create_virtual_model (vm_name, models, rulebases) drop_virtual_model (vm_name) SEM_MATCH query accepts a single virtual model
No other models or rulebases need to be specified

DMLs on virtual models are not supported

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Virtual Model Example

Creation
begin sem_apis.create_virtual_model('gov_assert_vm', sem_models('gov_tbox', 'gov_people', 'gov_votes_07', 'gov_votes_08', 'gov_votes_09', 'gov_bills_110', 'gov_bills_111', 'gov_districts')); sem_apis.create_virtual_model('gov_all_vm', sem_models('gov_tbox', 'gov_people', 'gov_votes_07', 'gov_votes_08', 'gov_votes_09', 'gov_bills_110', 'gov_bills_111', 'gov_districts'), sem_rulebases('OWL2RL')); end; /

Access Control
grant select on mdsys.semv_gov_assert_vm to scott; grant select on mdsys.semv_gov_all_vm to scott;
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Query Example 1: Basic Query

Find information about all Kennedys
select fn, bday, g, t, hp, r from table(sem_match( 'SELECT ?fn ?bday ?g ?t ?hp ?r WHERE { ?s vcard:N ?n . ?n vcard:Family "Kennedy" . ?s foaf:name ?fn . ?s vcard:BDAY ?bday . ?s foaf:gender ?g . ?s foaf:title ?t . ?s foaf:homepage ?hp . ?s foaf:religion ?r }' ,sem_models('gov_all_vm'), null, null, null ,null,' ALLOW_DUP=T ' ));
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Query Example 2: OPTIONAL Query

Find information about all Kennedys, with title, homepage and religion optional
select fn, bday, g, t, hp, r from table(sem_match( 'SELECT ?fn ?bday ?g ?t ?hp ?r WHERE { ?s vcard:N ?n . ?n vcard:Family "Kennedy" . ?s foaf:name ?fn . ?s vcard:BDAY ?bday . ?s foaf:gender ?g . OPTIONAL { ?s foaf:title ?t . ?s foaf:homepage ?hp . ?s foaf:religion ?r } }' ,sem_models('gov_all_vm'), null, null, null, ,null, ' ALLOW_DUP=T ' ));
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Query Example 3: Simple FILTER

Find all people with a last name that starts with A
select fname, lname from table(sem_match( 'SELECT ?fname ?lname WHERE { ?s rdf:type foaf:Person . ?s vcard:N ?vcard . ?vcard vcard:Given ?fname . ?vcard vcard:Family ?lname FILTER (STR(?lname) < "B") }' ,sem_models('gov_all_vm'), null, null, null ,null, ' ALLOW_DUP=T ' ));

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Query Example 4: Negation as Failure

Find all Lincolns without a homepage
select fn, bday, hp from table(sem_match( 'SELECT ?fn ?bday ?hp WHERE { ?s vcard:N ?n . ?n vcard:Family "Lincoln" . ?s vcard:BDAY ?bday . ?s foaf:name ?fn . FILTER (!BOUND(?hp)) OPTIONAL { ?s foaf:homepage ?hp } }' ,sem_models('gov_all_vm'), null, null, null ,null, ' ALLOW_DUP=T ' ));
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Query Example 5: UNION

Find all Legislative Documents introduced in February 2007 that were sponsored or cosponsored by Barack Obama
select title, dt from table(sem_match( 'SELECT ?title ?dt WHERE { ?s foaf:name "Barack Obama" . { ?b bill:sponsor ?s } UNION { ?b bill:cosponsor ?s } ?b dc:title ?title . ?b rdf:type bill:LegislativeDocument . ?b bill:introduced ?dt FILTER("2007-02-01"^^xsd:date <= ?dt && ?dt < "2007-03-01"^^xsd:date ) }' ,sem_models('gov_all_vm'), null, null, null ,null, ' ALLOW_DUP=T ' ));
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Query Example 6: Inference

GovTrack Bill Types

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Query Example 6: Inference

Find all Legislative Documents (and their types) sponsored by Barack Obama
select title, dt, btype from table(sem_match( 'SELECT ?title ?dt ?btype WHERE { ?s foaf:name "Barack Obama" . ?b bill:sponsor ?s . ?b dc:title ?title . ?b rdf:type ?btype . ?b bill:introduced ?dt FILTER("2007-03-28"^^xsd:date <= ?dt && ?dt < "2007-04-01"^^xsd:date ) }' ,sem_models('gov_assert_vm'), null, null, null ,null, ' ALLOW_DUP=T ' ));
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Query Example 7: SQL Constructs (temporal interval computations)

Find the youngest person to take office since 2000
select * from ( select fn, bday, tsfrom, (to_date(tsfrom,'YYYY-MM-DD') to_date(bday,'YYYY-MM-DD')) YEAR(3) TO MONTH from table(sem_match( 'SELECT ?fn ?bay ?tsfrom WHERE { ?s vcard:BDAY ?bday . ?s foaf:name ?fn . ?s pol:hasRole ?role . ?role pol:forOffice ?office . ?role time:from ?tfrom . ?tfrom time:at ?tsfrom FILTER (?tsfrom >= "2000-01-01"^^xsd:date) }' ,sem_models('gov_all_vm'), null, null, null)) order by (to_date(tsfrom,'YYYY-MM-DD') to_date(bday,'YYYY-MM-DD')) asc) where rownum <= 1;
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Oracle Extensions for Text and Spatial

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Full Text Indexing with Oracle Text

Filters graph patterns based on text search string Indexes all RDF Terms
URIs, Literals, Language Tags, etc.

Provide SPARQL extension function

orardf:textContains(?var, Oracle text search string)

Search String Group Operators: AND, OR, NOT, NEAR, Term Operators: stem($), soundex(!), wildcard(%)
SQL> exec sem_apis.add_datatype_index( 'http://xmlns.oracle.com/rdf/text');

Text Query Example

Find all bills about Children and Taxes
select s, title, dt from table(sem_match( 'SELECT ?s ?title ?dt WHERE { ?b bill:sponsor ?s . ?s foaf:name ?n . ?b dc:title ?title . ?b bill:introduced ?dt FILTER (orardf:textContains(?title, "$children AND $taxes"))}' ,sem_models('gov_all_vm'), null, null, null ,null, ' ALLOW_DUP=T ' ));

Spatial Support with Oracle Spatial

Support geometries encoded as orageo:WKTLiterals
:semTech2011 orageo:hasPointGeometry "POINT(-122.4192 37.7793)"^^orageo:WKTLiteral .

Provide library of spatial query functions

SELECT ?s WHERE { ?s orageo:hasPointGeometry ?geom FILTER(orageo:withinDistance(?geom, "POINT(-122.4192 37.7793)"^^orageo:WKTLiteral, "distance=10 unit=KM"))

orageo:WKTLiteral Datatype
Optional leading Spatial Reference System URI followed by OGC WKT geometry string. <http://xmlns.oracle.com/rdf/geo/srid/{srid}> WGS 84 Longitude, Latitude is the default SRS (assumed if SRS URI is absent)
SRS: WGS84 Longitude, Latitude "POINT(-122.4192 37.7793)"^^orageo:WKTLiteral SRS: NAD27 Longitude, Latitude "<http://xmlns.oracle.com/rdf/geo/srid/8260> POINT(-122.4181 37.7793)"^^orageo:WKTLiteral

Prepare for spatial querying by creating a spatial index for the orageo:WKTLiteral datatype
SQL> exec sem_apis.add_datatype_index( 'http://xmlns.oracle.com/rdf/geo/WKTLiteral', options=>'TOLERANCE=1.0 SRID=8307 DIMENSIONS=((LONGITUDE,-180,180)(LATITUDE,-90,90))');

What Types of Spatial Data are Supported?

Spatial Reference Systems
Built-in support for 1000s of SRS Plus you can define your own Coordinate system transformations applied transparently during indexing and query

Geometry Types
Support OGC Simple Features geometry types Point, Line, Polygon Multi-Point, Multi-Line, Multi-Polyon Geometry Collection Up to 500,000 vertices per Geometry

Spatial Function Library

Topological Relations
orageo:relate

Distance-based Operations
orageo:distance, orageo:withinDistance, orageo:buffer, orageo:nearestNeighbor

Geometry Operations
orageo:area, orageo:length orageo:centroid, orageo:mbr, orageo:convexHull

Geometry-Geometry Operations
orageo:intersection, orageo:union, orageo:difference, orageo:xor

GovTrack Spatial Demo

Congressional District Polygons (435)

Complex Geometries Average over 1000 vertices per geometry
Load .shp file from US Census into Oracle Spatial Generate triples using sdo_util.toWKTGeometry()

Load into Oracle semantic model

Spatial Query 1
Which congressional district contains Nahsua, NH
select name, cdist from table(sem_match( 'SELECT ?name ?cdist WHERE { ?person usgovt:name ?name . ?person pol:hasRole ?role . ?role pol:forOffice ?office . ?office pol:represents ?cdist . ?cdist orageo:hasWKTGeometry ?cgeom FILTER (orageo:relate(?cgeom, "POINT(-71.46444 42.7575)"^^orageo:WKTLiteral, "mask=contains")) } ' ,sem_models('gov_all_vm'), null, null, null ,null, ' ALLOW_DUP=T ' ));

Spatial Query 2
Who are my nearest 10 representatives ordered by centerpoint
select name, cdist from table(sem_match( 'SELECT ?name ?cdist WHERE { ?person usgovt:name ?name . ?person pol:hasRole ?role . ?role pol:forOffice ?office . ?office pol:represents ?cdist . ?cdist orageo:hasWKTGeometry ?cgeom FILTER (orageo:nearestNeighbor(?cgeom, "POINT(-71.46444 42.7575)"^^orageo:WKTLiteral, "sdo_num_res=10")) } ORDER BY ASC(orageo:distance(orageo:centroid(?cgeom), "POINT(-71.46444 42.7575)"^^orageo:WKTLiteral, "unit=KM"))' ,sem_models('gov_all_vm'), null, null, null ,null, ' ALLOW_DUP=T '));

SPARQL Querying Jena Adapter for Oracle Database 11g Release 2

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Jena Adapter for Oracle Database 11g Release 2

Implements Jena Semantic Web Framework APIs

Popular Java APIs for semantic web based applications Adapter adds Oracle-specific extensions

Jena Adapter provides three core features:

Java API for Oracle RDF Store SPARQL Endpoint for Oracle with SPARQL 1.1. support Oracle-specific extensions for query execution control and management

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Jena Adapter as a Java API for Oracle RDF

Proxy like design

Data not cached in memory for scalability SPARQL query converted into SQL and executed inside DB Various optimizations to minimize the number of Oracle queries generated given a SPARQL 1.1. query

Various data loading methods

Bulk/Batch/Incremental load RDF or OWL (in N3, RDF/XML, N-TRIPLE etc.) with strict syntax verification and long literal support

Allows integration of Oracle Database 11g RDF/OWL with various tools

TopBraid Composer External OWL DL reasoners (e.g., Pellet)

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http://www.oracle.com/technology/tech/semantic_technologies/documentation/jenaadapter2_readme.pdf

Programming Semantic Applications in Java

Create a connection object
oracle = new Oracle(oracleConnection);

Create a GraphOracleSem Object

graph = new GraphOracleSem(oracle, model_name, attachment);

No need to create model manually!

Load data
graph.add(Triple.create()); // for incremental triple additions

Collect statistics
graph.analyze();

Important for performance!

Run inference
graph.performInference();

Collect statistics
graph.analyzeInferredGraph();

Query
QueryFactory.create(); queryExec = QueryExecutionFactory.create(query, model); resultSet = queryExec.execSelect();
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Jena Adapter Feature: SPARQL Endpoint

SPARQL service endpoint supporting full SPARQL Protocol
Integrated with Jena/Joseki 3.4.0 (deployed in WLS 10.3 or Tomcat 6) Uses J2EE data source for DB connection specification SPARQL 1.1. and Update (SPARUL) supported

Oracle-specific declarative configuration options in Joseki

Each URI endpoint is mapped to a Joseki service:
<#service> rdf:type rdfs:label joseki:serviceRef joseki:dataset joseki:processor joseki:Service ; "SPARQL with Oracle Semantic Data Management" ; "GOV_ALL_VM" ;#web.xml must route this name to Joseki <#oracle> ; # dataset part joseki:ProcessorSPARQL_FixedDS;

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SPARQL Endpoint: Example

Example Joseki Dataset configuration:
<#oracle> rdf:type oracle:Dataset; joseki:poolSize 4;
oracle:connection # Number of concurrent connections # allowed to this dataset. [ a oracle:OracleConnection ; ];

oracle:defaultModel [ oracle:firstModel "GOV_PEOPLE"; oracle:modelName "GOV_TBOX; oracle:modelName "GOV_VOTES_07; oracle:rulebaseName "OWLPRIME"; oracle:useVM "TRUE ] ;

oracle:namedModel [ oracle:namedModelURI <http://oracle.com/govtrack#GOV_VOTES_07>; oracle:firstModel "GOV_VOTES_07" ].

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Property Path Queries

Part of SPARQL 1.1.
Regular expressions for properties: ? + * ^ / |

Translated to hierarchical SQL queries

Using Oracle CONNECT BY clause

Examples:
Find all reachable friends of John
SELECT * WHERE { :John foaf:friendOf+ ?friend. }

Find reachable friends through two different paths

SELECT * WHERE { :John (foaf:friendOf|urn:friend)+ ?friend. }

Get names of people John knows one step away:

SELECT * WHERE {:John foaf:knows/foaf:name ?person}.

Find all people that can be reached from John by foaf:knows

SELECT * WHERE { ?x foaf:mbox <mailto:john@example> . ?x foaf:knows+/foaf:name ?name . }

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Query Extensions in Jena Adapter

Query management and execution control
Timeout Query abort framework Including monitoring threads and a management servlet Designed for a J2EE cluster environment Hints allowed in SPARQL query syntax Parallel execution

Support ARQ functions for projected variables

fn:lower-case, upper-case, substring,

Native, system provided functions can be used in SPARQL

oext:lower-literal, oext:upper-literal, oext:build-uri-for-id,

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Query Extensions in Jena Adapter

Extensible user-defined functions in SPARQL
Example
PREFIX ouext: <http://oracle.com/semtech/jena-adapter/ext/userdef-function#> SELECT ?subject ?object (ouext:my_strlen(?object) as ?obj1) WHERE { ?subject dc:title ?object }

User can implement the my_strlen functions in Oracle Database

Connection Pooling through OraclePool

java.util.Properties prop = new java.util.Properties(); prop.setProperty("InitialLimit", "2"); // create 2 connections prop.setProperty("InactivityTimeout", "1800"); // seconds . OraclePool op = new OraclePool(szJdbcURL, szUser, szPasswd, prop, "OracleSemConnPool"); Oracle oracle = op.getOracle();

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Semantic Indexing for Unstructured Content

94

Overview: Creating and Using a Semantic Index

auto maintained like a B-tree index
CREATE INDEX ArticleIndex ON Newsfeed (Article) INDEXTYPE IS SemContext PARAMETERS (my_policy) LOCAL1 PARALLEL 4 Triples table with rowid references Subject Property Object Graph p:Marcus p:Marcus p:Marcus rdf:type :hasName :hasAge rc::Person Marcus^^ 38^^xsd:.. </r1> </r1> </r1> Analytical Queries On Graph Data

Newsfeed table
Rowid

extractor

SemContext index on Article column

p_date
02/01/11

docId Article
1 Indiana authorities filed felony charges and a court issued an arrest warrant for a financial manager who apparently tried to fake his death by crashing his airplane in a Florida swamp. Marcus Schrenker, 38 Major dealers and investors

r1

r2 2
..

11/30/10 ..

SELECT Sem_Contains_Select(1) FROM Newsfeed WHERE Sem_Contains (Article, {?x rdf:type rc:Person . ?x :hasAge ?age . FILTER(?age >= 35)},1)=1 AND p_date > to_date(01-Jan-11)

1LOCAL

index support for semantic indexing is restricted to range-partitioned base tables only.

Combining Ontologies with extracted triples

The triples extracted from each document can be augmented with
Entailment created by combining the triples with schema ontologies and rulebase(s) Knowledge bases (stored as RDF models) and their entailments

Augmentation achieved using dependent policies

begin sem_rdfctx.create_policy ( policy_name => my_policy_plus_geo , base_policy => my_policy Extracted triples , user_models => SEM_MODELS(USGeography) Knowledge bases (KBs) , user_entailments => SEM_MODELS( (local) Entailments from extr. triples Doc_inf ,USGeography_inf)); Entailments from KBs end; SELECT docId FROM Newsfeed WHERE SEM_CONTAINS (Articles, { ?comp rdf:type c:Company . ?comp p:categoryName c:BusinessFinance . ?comp p:location ?city . ?city geo:state NY^^xsd:string}, my_policy_plus_geo) = 1
Will result in a multi-model query involving: the RDF model for my_policy index, the RDF model USGeography, and the entailments.

Inference: document-centric
Base table
id document

Ontology: schema triples (for extracted data) <Adult>

rdfs:subClassOf

John is a parent. He grew up in NYC.

John is a man.

<Male>

<familiarWith>
rdfs:subPropertyOf

<Parent>

<Man>

<grewUpIn>

Semantic Index: extracted triples

Subject Property <John> <John> rdf:type <grewUpIn> Object <Parent> <NYC> Graph </r1> </r1>

Entailment: set of inferred triples

Subject Property <John> <John> <John> <John> rdf:type <familiarWith> rdf:type rdf:type Object <Adult> <NYC> <Adult> <Male> Graph </r1> </r1> </r2> </r2>

<John>

rdf:type

<Man>

</r2>

Abstract Extractor Type

An abstract extractor type, rdfctx_extractor (in PL/SQL), defines the common interfaces for all extractor implementations.
create or replace type rdfctx_extractor authid current_user as object ( member function extractRdf (document CLOB, docId VARCHAR2, params VARCHAR2, options VARCHAR2 default NULL) return CLOB member function batchExtractRdf (docCursor SYS_REFCURSOR, extracted_info_table VARCHAR2, params VARCHAR2, partition_name VARCHAR2 default NULL, docId VARCHAR2 default NULL, preferences SYS.XMLType default NULL, options VARCHAR2 default NULL) return CLOB, ) not instantiable not final /

Specific implementations for the abstract type interact with individual third-party extractors and produce RDF/XML documents for the input document.

A sample extractor type -- interface

create or replace type rdfctxu.info_extractor under rdfctx_extractor ( overriding member function getDescription return VARCHAR2, overriding member function rdfReturnType return VARCHAR2,

overriding member function extractRDF( document CLOB, docId VARCHAR2, params VARCHAR2 ) return CLOB,
overriding member function getContext(attribute VARCHAR2) return VARCHAR2, overriding member function batchExtractRdf( docCursor SYS_REFCURSOR, extracted_info_table VARCHAR2, params VARCHAR2, partition_name VARCHAR2 default NULL ) return CLOB

Enterprise Security for Semantic Data

100

Enterprise Security for Semantic Data Model-level access control

Each semantic model accessible through a view (RDFM_modelName) Grant/revoke privileges on the view Discretionary access control on application table for model

Finer granularity possible through Oracle Label Security

Triple level security Mandatory Access Control

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Oracle Label Security Oracle Label Security Mandatory Access Control

Data records and users tagged with security labels Labels determine the sensitivity of the data or the rights a person must posses in order to read or write the data.
ContractID ProjectHLS Organization N. America ContractValue 1000000 Label SE:HLS:US

User labels indicate their access rights to the data records.

For reads/deletes/updates: users label must dominate rows label

For inserts: users label applied to inserted row

A Security Administrator assigns labels to users

OLS Data Classification

Label Components: Levels Determine the vertical sensitivity of data and the highest classification level a user can access. Compartments Facilitate compartmentalization of data. Users need exclusive membership to a compartment to access its data. Groups Allow hierarchical categorization of data. A user with authorization to a parent group can access data in any of its child groups.
CONF : NAVY,MILITARY : NY,DC Row Label matches User Access Label

HIGHCONF : MILITARY,NAVY,SPCLOPS : US,UK

RDF Triple-level Security with OLS

Security Label Organization projectHLS ContractValue Security Label 1000000 SE:HLS:FIN,US N.America

SE:HLS:US

Subject

Predicate

Objects Subject projectHLS projectHLS Predicate Organization

Triples table
Object N.America 1000000 RowLabel SE:HLS:US SE:HLS:FIN,US ContractValue

Sensitivity labels associated with individual triples control read access to the triples. Triples describing a single resource may employ different sensitivity labels for greater control.

Securing RDF Data using OLS: Example (1) Create an OLS policy
Policy is the container for all the labels and user authorizations Can create multiple policies containing different labels

Create label components

Levels: UN (unclassified) < SE (secret) < TS (top secret) Compartments: HLS (Homeland Security), CIA, FBI Groups: NY, DC EASTUS US SD, SF WESTUS

Create labels
EASTSE = USUN = SE:CIA,HLS:EASTUS UN:FBI,HLS:US
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Securing RDF Data using OLS: Example (2) Assign labels to users
John EASTSE (SE:CIA,HLS:EASTUS) John can read SE and UN triples John can read triples for CIA and HLS John can read triples for NY, DC, and EASTUS When inserting a row, the default write label is EASTSE

Mary USUN (UN:FBI,HLS:US) Mary can only read UN triples Mary can read triples for FBI and HLS Mary can read all group triples (e.g. SF, NY, WESTUS, etc) When inserting a row, the default write label is USUN
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Securing RDF Data using OLS: Example (3) Apply the OLS policy to RDF store
Triple inserts, deletes, updates, and reads will use the policy

John inserts triple:

<http://John> <rdf:type> <http://Person>

Mary inserts triple:

<http://Mary> <rdf:type> <http://Person>

Both these triples inserted in model but tagged with different label values (EASTSE, USUN) Users can have multiple labels
Only one label active at any time (user can switch labels) Only active label applied to operations (e.g. queries, deletes, inferred triples)
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Securing RDF Data using OLS: Example (4) Example labels and read access
EASTSE (SE:CIA,HLS:EASTUS) USUN (UN:FBI,HLS:US)

John Read
No No Yes

Triple Label
TS:HLS:DC SE:HLS,FBI:DC UN:HLS:DC

Mary Read
No No Yes

Yes
No No No

UN:HLS,CIA:NY
SE:CIA:SF UN:HLS,FBI:NY UN:HLS:SF

No
No Yes Yes

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Securing RDF Data using OLS: Example (5) Same triple may exist with different labels:
<http://John> <rdf:type> <http://Person> UN:HLS:DC <http://John> <rdf:type> <http://Person> SE:HLS:DC

When Mary queries, only 1 triple returned (UN triple) When John queries, both UN and SE triples are returned
No way to distinguish since we dont return label information! Solution: use FILTER_LABEL option in SEM_MATCH This query will filter out triples that are dominated by SE:
SELECT s,p,y FROM table(sem_match('{?s ?p ?y}' , sem_models(TEST'), null, null, null, null, FILTER_LABEL=SE POLICY_NAME=DEFENSE));

MIN_LABEL can be used to filter out untrustworthy data

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For More Information

See documentation at:
http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/appdev.112/e11828/toc.htm

or Search web for: Oracle RDF

or

oracle.com

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111