CEMENT

KALYANEE BHALERAO ROLL NO. 1 1ST YEAR B.ARCH ID

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CE ME NT

CEMENT IN MOST GENERAL SENSE ID A BINDER, A SUBSTANCE THAT SETS AND HARDENS T O BIND TWO MATERIALS.

PROPERTIES

IT GIVES STRENGTH TO MASONARY AND IS A EXCELLENTBINFING MATERIAL.

IT IS EASILY WORKABLE. IT OFFERS GOOD RESISTANCE

IT HAS GOOD PLASTICITY

CO MP OSI TIO N OF OR DIN ARY CE ME NT.

INGREDI ENT LIME SILICA ALUMINIA CALCIUM SULPHAT E IRON OXIDE MAGNESI A SULPHUR ALKALIES TOTAL

PERCEN T 62 22 5 4

RANGE 62 TO 67 17 TO 25 3 TO 8 3 TO 4

3 2 1 1 100

3 TO 4 1 TO 3 1 TO 3 0.2 TO 1

CEMENT IN GENERAL
Cemen t used in constru ction is ch aracteri zed as hyd rau li cor n on -hyd raul ic. Hyd rau lic cemen ts ( e.g ., P ortlan d cement) h arden b ecau se of h yd rati on , chemical reaction s th at occu r in d ep end en tl y of th e mi xture' s water con ten t; they can h ard en even un d erwater or wh en constan tl y exp osed to wet weath er. Th e ch emical reaction that resu l ts wh en th e an h ydrou s cemen t powd er i s mixed wi th water p rodu ces hyd rates th at are n ot water-sol ub le. Non -hyd raul ic cem en ts ( e. g .g yp su mp laster) must b e kep t d ry in ord er to retain thei r stren g th . Th e m ost i mp ortant u se of cemen t is th e p rod u cti on ofmortar an d concretethe b ond i n g of n atu ral or arti fici al ag g reg atesto form a strong b u i ld in g materi al th at i s d u rabl e in th e face of normal en viron men tal effects.

VARIETIES OF CEMENT
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

ACID RESISTANT CEMENT BLAST FURNACE CEMENT EX[ANDING CEMENT HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT HYDROPHOIBIC CEMENT COLOURED CEMENT POZZULANA CEMENT QUICK SETTING CEMENT RAPID HARDENING CEMENT EXTRA RAPID HARDENING CEMNT SULPHATE RESISTING CEMENT WHITE CEMENT

EARLY USES
It is uncertain where it was first discovered that a combination ofhydrated non-hydraulic lime and apozzolanproduces a hydraulic mixture (see also:Pozzolanic reaction), but concrete made from such mixtures was first used by theAncient Macedoniansand three centuries later on a large scale byRoman engineers.They used both natural pozzolans (trassorpumice) and artificial pozzolans (ground brick or pottery) in these concretes. Many excellent examples of structures made from these concretes are still standing, notably the hugemonolithicdomeof thePantheoninRomeand the massiveBaths of Caracalla.The vast system of Roman aqueductsalso made extensive use of hydraulic cement. Although any preservation of this knowledge in literary sources from theMiddle Agesis unknown, medievalmasonsand some military engineers maintained an active tradition of using hydraulic cement in structures such ascanals,fortresses,harbors, and shipbuilding facilities.The technical knowledge of making hydraulic cement was later formalized by French and British engineers in the 18th century.

CUTTING
Cement sets or cures when mixed with water which causes a series of hydration chemical reactions. The constituents slowly hydrate and crystallize; the interlocking of the crystals gives cement its strength. Maintaining a high moisture content in cement during curing increases both the speed of curing, and its final strength.Gypsumis often added toPortland cementto prevent early hardening or "flash setting", allowing a longer working time. The time it takes for cement to cure varies depending on the mixture and environmental conditions; initial hardening can occur in as little as twenty minutes, while full cure can take over a month. Cement typically cures to the extent that it can be put into service within 24 hours to a week.