DB Processing Ch05

Using MIS 3e Chapter 5
Database Processing David Kroenke
Chapter Preview
Businesses of every size organize data records into collections called databases. At one extreme, small businesses use databases to keep track of customers; at the other extreme, huge corporations such as Dell and Amazon.com use databases to support complex sales, marketing, and operations activities. In between, we have businesses like FlexTime that use databases as a crucial part of their operations, but they dont have a trained and experienced staff to manage and support the databases. To obtain answers to the one-of-a-kind queries he needs, Neil needs to be creative and adaptable in the way that he accesses and uses his database. This chapter discusses the why, what, and how of database processing. We begin by describing the purpose of databases and then explain the important components of database systems. We then overview the process of creating a database system and summarize your role as a future user of such systems. Users have a crucial role in the development of database applications. Specifically, the structure and content of the database depends entirely on how users view their business activity. To build the database, the developers will create a model of that view using a tool called the entity-relationship model. You need to understand how to interpret such models, because the development team might ask you to validate the correctness of such a model when building a system for your use. Finally, we describe the various database administration tasks. This chapter focuses on database technology. Here we consider the basic components of a database and their functions. You will learn about the use of database reporting and data mining in Chapter 9.
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5-2
Study Questions
Q1 What is the purpose of a database?
Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 What is a database? What are the components of a database application system? How do database applications make databases more useful? How are data models used for database development? How is a data model transformed into a database design? What is the users role in the development of databases? 2020?
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
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What Is the Purpose of a Database?

Purpose: to keep track of things If structure of a list is simple, i.e., one theme, no need to use database technology (video)
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Form for Recording Multiple Themes
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General Rule
Lists of data involving a single theme can be stored in a spreadsheet. Lists that involve data with multiple themes require a database.
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Study Questions
Q1 What is the purpose of a database?
Q2 What is a database?
Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 What are the components of a database application system? How do database applications make databases more useful? How are data models used for database development? How is a data model transformed into a database design? What is the users role in the development of databases? 2020?
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Database
Database: A self-describing collection of integrated records In databases, bytes are grouped into columns, such as Student Number and Student Name. Columns are also called fields. Columns or fields, in turn, are grouped into rows, which are also called records.
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Characters, Fields, and Records
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Hierarchy of Data Elements
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Metadata Describes Structure of Database
Components of a Database
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What Are Relationships Among Rows?

First row of the Email Table is related to Andrea Baker in Student Table
Last row in Office_Visit Table related to Adam Verberra in Student Table
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Relationship Special Terms

Key
A column or group of columns that identifies a unique row in a table. Student Number is the key of the Student table. Given a value of Student Number, you can determine one and only one row in Student. Only one student has the number 1325. Every table must have a key. Sometimes more than one column is needed to form a unique identifier. In a table called City, for example, the key would consist of combination of columns (City, State). Email_Num is the key of Email Table. VisitID is the key of Office_Visit Table.
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Relationship Special Terms

Foreign keys These are keys of a different (foreign) table than the table in which they reside. Relational databases Relationships among tables are created by using foreign keys. Relation Formal name for a table
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Metadata
Database:
A database is a self-describing collection of integrated records.
Metadata
Data that describe data
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Study Questions
Q1 Q2 What is the purpose of a database? What is a database?
Q3 What are the components of a database application system?

Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 How do database applications make databases more useful? How are data models used for database development? How is a data model transformed into a database design? What is the users role in the development of databases? 2020?
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Components of a Database Application System

Applications make database data more accessible and useful. Users employ a database application that consists of forms, formatted reports, queries, and application programs. Database management system (DBMS) processes database tables for applications.
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What Is a Database Management System (DBMS)?

DBMS A program (software) used to create, process, and administer a database Companies license DBMS products from vendors: IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, and others Popular DBMS products are: DB2 from IBM Access and SQL Server from Microsoft Oracle from the Oracle Corporation MySQLan open-source DBMS product that is license-free for most applications
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Creating the Database and Its Structures

Database developers use the DBMS to create and modify tables, relationships, and other structures in the database. Below, the developer has added a new column called Response?. This new column has data type Yes/No.
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Processing the Database

DBMS operations Read, insert, modify, delete data Applications call DBMS in different ways
From a form, when the user enters new or changed data, a computer program behind the form calls the DBMS to make the necessary database changes. From an application program, the program calls the DBMS directly to make the change.
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Structured Query Language (SQL)

SQLsee-quell International standard language for creating databases and database structures, and processing databases All five of the most popular DBMS products accept and process SQL. Following SQL statement inserts a new row into the Student table:
INSERT INTO Student ([Student Number], [Student Name], HW1, HW2, MidTerm) VALUES (1000, Franklin, Benjamin, 90, 95, 100);
Administering the Database

DBMS provides tools to assist in administration of the database. Used to set up a security system involving user accounts, passwords, permissions, and limits for processing the database Backing up database data, adding structures to improve performance of database applications, removing data no longer wanted or needed, and similar tasks Most organizations dedicate one or more employees to the role of database administration.
Major Responsibilities of Database Administration
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Study Questions
Q1 Q2 Q3 What is the purpose of a database? What is a database? What are the components of a database application system?
Q4 How do database applications make databases more useful?

Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 How are data models used for database development? How is a data model transformed into a database design? What is the users role in the development of databases? 2020?
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Database Applications at FlexTime
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What Are Forms, Reports, and Queries?

Reports show data in a structured context.
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What Are Forms, Reports, and Queries?

Sample query form used to enter phrase for search
Sample query results of query operation
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Why Are Database Application Programs Needed?

Forms, reports, and queries work well for standard functions. However, most applications have unique requirements that a simple form, report, or query cannot meet. Application programs process logic that is specific to a given business need. Application programs serve as an intermediary between the Web server and database. Responds to events, such as when a user presses a submit button; also reads, inserts, modifies, and deletes database data
Four Database Application Programs Running on a Web Server Computer
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Multi-User Processing Problem

Lost-update problem
Process A reads a customer record from a file containing account information, including the customers account balance and phone number. Process B now reads the same record from the same file so it has its own copy. Process A changes the account balance in its copy of the customer record and writes the record back to the file. Process Bwhich still has the original stale value for the account balance in its copy of the customer recordupdates the customers phone number and writes the customer record back to the file. Process B has now written its stale account balance value to the file, causing the changes made by process A to be lost.
(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_locking)
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Enterprise DBMS vs. Personal DBMS

Enterprise DBMS
Process large organizational and workgroup databases Support many, possibly thousands, of users and many different database applications Support 24/7 operations and can manage databases that span dozens of different magnetic disks with hundreds of gigabytes or more of data IBMs DB2, Microsofts SQL Server, and Oracles Oracle are examples of enterprise DBMS products. Personal DBMS
Designed for smaller, simpler database applications Used for personal or small workgroup applications that involve fewer than 100 users (normally fewer than 15), single user
Access: A DBMS and an Application Development Product

Before building a database, developers construct a logical representation of database data called a data model to describe the data and relationships to be stored in database.
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Study Questions
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 What is the purpose of a database? What is a database? What are the components of a database application system? How do database applications make databases more useful?
Q5 How are data models used for database development?

Q6 Q7 Q8 How is a data model transformed into a database design? What is the users role in the development of databases? 2020?
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Database Development Process

(video link needed)
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What Is the Entity-Relationship Data Model?

Entity-relationship (E-R) data model
A tool for constructing data models
Developers use it to describe the content of a data model by defining entities that will be stored in database and relationships among those entities Unified Modeling Language (UML), less popular, tool for data modeling
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Entities
Some thing that the users want to track Examples of entities:
Order, Customer, Salesperson, and Item. Some entities represent a physical object, such as Item or Salesperson; others represent a logical construct or transaction, such as Order or Contract. Entity names are always singular.
Attributes
Describe characteristics of an entity. Examples: order attributes are OrderNumber, OrderDate, SubTotal, Tax, Total, and so forth.
Identifier
An attribute (or group of attributes) whose value is associated with one and only one entity instance.
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Student Data Model Entities
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Entities with Relationships
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Sample Relationship (Version 1)

Crows Feet 1:N N:M
1:N = many-to-many relationships One department can have many advisers, but an adviser has at most one department.
N:M = many-to-many relationships One adviser can have many students and one student can have many advisers.
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Sample Relationships (Version 2)
Advisers may advise in more than one department, but a student may have only one adviser, representing a policy that students may not have multiple majors.
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Crows-Foot Diagram Version

Maximum cardinalitymaximum number of entities that can be involved in a relationship. Vertical bar on a line means that at least one entity of that type is required.
Minimum cardinalityminimum number of entities that can be involved in a relationship. Small oval means that the entity is optional; the relationship need not have an entity of that type.
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Study Questions
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 What is the purpose of a database? What is a database? What are the components of a database application system? How do database applications make databases more useful? How are data models used for database development?
Q6 How is a data model transformed into a database design?

Q7 Q8 What is the users role in the development of databases? 2020?
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Database Design
Database design is the process of converting a data model into tables, relationships, and data constraints. Database design team transforms entities into tables and expresses relationships by defining foreign keys. Two important database design concepts: normalization and the representation of two kinds of relationships. Normalization is a foundation of database design. Representation of relationships will help you understand important design considerations.
Normalization
Normalization is the process of converting a poorly structured table into two or more well-structured tables. Problem with these tables, have two independent themes: employees and departments.
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Data Integrity Problems

In previous figure, some rows show Dept. 100 is Accounting and Finance and others show Dept. 100 is Accounting. Which one is correct? A table with data integrity problems will produce incorrect results and inconsistent information. Data integrity problems happen when data are duplicated. Users will lose confidence in the information, and system will develop a poor reputation. Information systems with poor reputations become serious burdens to the organizations that use them.
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Normalizing for Data Integrity

Normalized tables eliminate data duplication, but they can be slower to process. General goal of normalization is to construct tables such that every table has a single topic or theme.
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Normalizing for Data Integrity

The way to correct the problem is to split the table into two tables, each with its own theme.
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Summary of Normalization
Database practitioners classify tables into various normal forms according to the kinds of problems they have. Transforming a table into a normal form to remove duplicated data and other problems is called normalizing the table. Normalization is just one criterion for evaluating database designs. Normalized designs can be slower to process, database designers sometimes choose to accept nonnormalized tables. The best design depends on the users processing requirements.
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Representing Relationships
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Representing a 1:N Relationship
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Representing an N:M Relationship
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Study Questions
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 What is the purpose of a database? What is a database? What are the components of a database application system? How do database applications make databases more useful? How are data models used for database development? How is a data model transformed into a database design?
Q7 What is the users role in the development of databases?

Q8 2020?
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Users Role
Users are the final judges of: What data the database should contain, How tables should be related. Users review data model to be sure it accurately reflects users view of the business.
Mistakes will come back to haunt you. Easiest time to change database structure is during data modeling stage. Changing a relationship from one-to-many to many-to-many in a data model is simply a matter of changing the 1:N notation to N:M. User review of the data model is crucial.
Study Questions
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 What is the purpose of a database? What is a database? What are the components of a database application system? How do database applications make databases more useful? How are data models used for database development? How is a data model transformed into a database design? What is the users role in the development of databases?
Q8 2020?
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Data Aggregators
Acxiom obtain data from public and private sources and store and process it in sophisticated ways.
Use your grocery store club card, that data is sold to a data aggregator. Credit card data, credit data, public tax records, insurance records, product warrantee card data, voter registration data, and hundreds of other types of data are sold to aggregators.
Using a combination of phone number, address, email address, name, and other partially identifying data, such companies can integrate that disparate data into an integrated, coherent whole to form detailed descriptions about companies, communities, zip codes, households, and individuals.
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Data Aggregators
Laws that limit the data that federal and other governmental agencies can acquire and store. Some legal safeguards on data maintained by credit bureaus and medical facilities. No such laws that limit data storage by most companies (nor are there laws that prohibit governmental agencies from buying results from companies like Acxiom.
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How Will this Change by 2020?

Absent any public outcry for legislation to limit such activity, aggregator data storage will continue to grow exponentially and companies will have even more data about you, the state of your health, your wealth, your purchase habits, your family, your travel, your driving record, and, well, anything you do. Query, reporting, and data mining technology will improve and Moores law will make computer operations that are too slow to be practical today, feasible tomorrow. The picture of you will become more and more detailed.
Why Do You Care?

Data could be stolen and used for criminal activity against you. Data might not be accurate. No organization is required by law to tell you the data that it stores about you and what it does with it.
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What If
You enroll in a healthy eaters medical insurance program, similar to safe drivers auto insurance. Your premiums are lower because you eat well, except that the insurance company notes from last months data that you bought four large packages of Cheetos, and your health insurance premium is increased, automatically. You have no idea why.
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Ethics Guide: Nobody Said I Shouldnt

Kelly was employed maintaining servers and backing up database. Made copy of database to practice with
Queried SQL server metadata Discovered tables with order data, customers, salespeople Uncovered anomaliesone entry clerk gave discounts to a buyer that no other clerks gave discounts to
Mentioned it to a clerk Was terminated for accessing database

Ethics Guide: Nobody Said I Shouldnt

Where did Kelly go wrong? Was it illegal, unethical, or okay for Kelly to copy the database and take it home? How should Kelly have handled his discovery of the anomaly better? Does Kelly have any legal recourse over being fired? How can a business protect its databases from unauthorized use?
Guide: No, Thanks, Ill Use a Spreadsheet

Databases take time to build. Complicated to operate May require use of multiple applications Need IS people to create it and keep it running Will share data that you may not want to expose Spreadsheets may be a better option in some cases.
Guide: Immanuel Kant, Data Modeler

What we perceive as reality is based on our perceptive apparatus. That which we perceive he called phenomena. Our perceptions, such as of light and sound, are processed by our brains and made meaningful. But we do not and cannot know whether the images we create from the perceptions have anything to do with what might or might not really be.

Noumenal world refers to the essence of things in themselvesto whatever it is out there that gives rise to our perceptions and images. Phenomenal world refers to what we humans perceive and construct. Easy to confuse the noumenal world with the phenomenal world, because we share the phenomenal world with other humans. Shared mutual view does not mean that the mutual view describes the real world.
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Nothing that humans can do represents the real, noumenal world. A data model, therefore, is a model of a humans model of what appears to be out there. Data models do not model the real world. A data model is simply a model of what the data modeler perceives. Must ask the question, How well does the data model fit the mental models of the people who are going to use the system. Only valid point is whether it reflects how users view their world. Will it enable the users to do their jobs?
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Active Review
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 What is the purpose of a database? What is a database? What are the components of a database application system? How do database applications make databases more useful? How are data models used for database development?
Q6
Q7 Q8
How is a data model transformed into a database design?

What is the users role in the development of databases? 2020?
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Case Study 5: Benchmarking, Bench Marketing, or Bench Baloney

PC-Magazine test compared five DBMS products: DB2 (from IBM) MySQL (a free, open source DBMS) Oracle (from Oracle Corporation) SQL Server (from Microsoft) ASE (from Sybase Corporation) SQL Servers performance was worst performer. Microsoft complained, so PC-Magazine reran the test using Microsoftsupporting software. SQL server performed best this time. However, the second test compares apples and oranges. Do benchmarks really mean anything? How should customers use benchmarks?
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
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Using MIS 3e Chapter 5

Database Processing David Kroenke

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

What Is the Purpose of a Database?

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Form for Recording Multiple Themes

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Characters, Fields, and Records

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Hierarchy of Data Elements

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Metadata Describes Structure of Database

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

What Are Relationships Among Rows?

Last row in Office_Visit Table related to Adam Verberra in Student Table

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Relationship Special Terms

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Relationship Special Terms

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Q3 What are the components of a database application system?

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Components of a Database Application System

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

What Is a Database Management System (DBMS)?

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Creating the Database and Its Structures

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Processing the Database

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Structured Query Language (SQL)

Administering the Database

Major Responsibilities of Database Administration

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Q4 How do database applications make databases more useful?

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Database Applications at FlexTime

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

What Are Forms, Reports, and Queries?

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

What Are Forms, Reports, and Queries?

Sample query results of query operation

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Why Are Database Application Programs Needed?

Four Database Application Programs Running on a Web Server Computer

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Multi-User Processing Problem

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Enterprise DBMS vs. Personal DBMS

Access: A DBMS and an Application Development Product

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Q5 How are data models used for database development?

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Database Development Process

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

What Is the Entity-Relationship Data Model?

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Student Data Model Entities

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall