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Hybrid Vehicle Smart Scheduling

What is HEV?
HEV Stands for Hybrid Electric Vehicle An HEV is a vehicle which involves multiple sources of power
An EV is an electric vehicle, battery operated only. Sole power by electric motor A traditional vehicle has sole propulsion by ICE or diesel engine Energy source can be gas, natural gas, battery, ultra capacitor, fly wheel, solar panel, etc.

Why HEV?
Optimize the fuel economy
Optimize the operating point of ICE Stop the ICE if not needed Recover the kinetic energy at braking

Reduce emissions
Minimize the emissions when ICE is optimize operation Stop the ICE when its not needed

Quiet Operations

Current Status of HEV


Year 1999 2002 2006 2010 2012 % of all vehicles 0.0001% 0.24% 1.77% 2.37% 2.97% Units sold 17 36,035 252,636 274,210 322,227

Source: Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center (U.S. DoE)

Types of HEV
Parallel HEV: multiple propulsion sources can be combined, or drive the vehicle alone with one of the energy sources Series HEV: sole propulsion by electric motor, but the electric energy comes from another energy source, such as ICE

Operation Mode of Parallel HEV


Motor alone mode: engine is off, vehicle is powered by the battery/motor only Engine alone mode: ICE drive the vehicle alone Combined mode: both ICE and motor provide power to drive the vehicle Power split mode: ICE power split to drive the vehicle and charge the battery Stationary charging mode Regenerative braking mode (include hybrid braking mode)

Control Objectives
To satisfy performance requirements including acceleration, gradeability, and maximum cruising speed To achieve overall high efficiency To maintain battery SOC To recover braking energy

Rule-based

Existing Algorithms

1) Below 20MPH, only the EM is used.


2) If the demanded power is greater than the maximum engine power, the motor is used to produce excess power. 3) Charges the batteries by regenerative braking. 4) If the battery SOC is lower than 60% of the capacity, the engine should provide additional power to charge the battery.

Existing Algorithms
Optimization-based
Global (Offline) Optimization
Have all the data beforehand For specific driving practice

min =

=0

+ 1 =

=0 (

, )

Online Optimization
Depends on instantaneous data Have good portability = ) =1( + = (), ()

Comparison of Existing Algorithm


Complexity A-ECMS Rule-based Global Optimization Low Lowest Highest Portability High Low Low Real Time Yes Yes No Optimality Middle Low Best

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