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Dr. Ashok Chandra Wireless Adviser to the Govt. of India, Ministry of Communications & IT
Today, radio spectrum has become a significant contributor to national gross domestic product (GDP).
There have been suggestions that other quantities, such as polarization, are also its dimensions.
There are numerous areas in which the radio frequency spectrum is vital defence, public safety, weather forecasts, disaster warning, air-traffic control, and air navigation are a few examples only.
Unlike other natural resources, radio frequency spectrum is not consumed upon its usage. It is also liable to be wasted if it is not used optimally and efficiently. Radio frequency spectrum usage is therefore to be shared amongst the various radio services and must be used efficiently, optimally and economically in conformity with the provisions of national and international laws
At international level, International Telecommunication Union (ITU), a specialised agency of the United Nations, is responsible for spectrum management.
Broadly, international bodies tend to set out high level guidance which national bodies adhere to in setting more detailed policy.
International coordination is essential in some cases because the zones of possible interference extend beyond national geographical boundaries and in other cases because users are inherently international, e.g. aviation. At national level, each administration has its own regulating agency like NTIA/FCC in USA, Ofcom in UK and WPC Wing in India.
ITU does:
International regulations and plans Management of radio frequency spectrum Standards and recommendations Assistance to developing countries
Key priorities
Radio spectrum
International standard
Emergency communications & climate change
Digital divide
Cyber security
ITU Overview
ITU
ITU-T
Telecommunication standardization of network and service aspects 191 Member States +700 Sector Members
ITU-D
Assisting implementation and operation of telecommunications in developing countries
ITU-R
Radiocommunication standardization and global radio spectrum management
ITU Functions
Radiocommunication Sector(ITU-R)
ITU-R is a standards body subcommittee of the ITU relating to radio communication. Its role is to regulate the allocation of radio frequencies and to reduce the interference between radio stations in various countries. It also has responsibility for regulating orbital positions of satellites relating to radio communications. The ITU-R plays a vital role in the management of the radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbits, finite natural resources which are increasingly in demand from a large number of services and those communication services that ensure safety of life on land, at sea and in the skies.
Radiocommunication Sector(ITU-R)
Radiocommunications Bureau Radiocommunications Assembly (meeting of all Study Groups)
Administers the Radio Regulations (Table of Frequency Allocations) Performs technical work and drafts Recommendations (permanent) Guides SG technical work
Task Groups
Performs technical work drafts Recommendations (highly urgent, short term)
Slide 14
Radiocommunication Sector(ITU-R)
To ensure rational, equitable, efficient use of the radiofrequency spectrum and satellite orbits To register the frequency and orbital positions assignments made by the Member States To maintain the relevant master databases
Radiocommunication Sector(ITU-R)
ITU-R Mission
To ensure rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including those using satellite orbits, and to carry out studies and adopt recommendations on radiocommunication matters.
In implementing this mission, the actions in ITU-R aim at creating the conditions for harmonized development and efficient operation of existing and new radiocommunication systems, taking due account of all parties concerned.
ITU-R Organisation
ITU-R Function
RA
Technical bases
Rec
RRB
Radiocommunication Bureau
RoP
CPM-1
Conference Preparatory Meeting ITU-R Recommendation Rules of Procedure Radio Regulations (treaty status)
RRB: Radio Regulations Board SGs: Radiocommunication Study Groups SC: Special Committee (Regulat. & Procedural) RA: Radiocommunication Assembly WRC:World Radiocommunication Conference
Radiocommunication Assembly
Radiocommunication Assemblies (RA) are responsible for the structure, programme and approval of radiocommunication studies. Normally convened every three or four years. The Radiocommunication Assembly 2012 was held from 16-20 January 2012, immediately preceding WRC-12. The Assemblies:
assign conference preparatory work and other questions to the Study Groups; respond to other requests from ITU conferences; suggest suitable topics for the agenda of future WRCs; approve and issue ITU-R Recommendations and ITU-R Questions developed by the Study Groups; set the programme for Study Groups, and disband or establish Study Groups according to need; Appoint chairmen and vice-chairmen of the Study Groups; Approve ITU-R Recommendations developed by the Study Groups.
Frequency block allocations to defined radio services (Article 5) Definition of services (e.g. Fixed, Mobilesatellite)
Mandatory or voluntary regulatory procedures (coordination, plan modification, notification, recording) that are adapted to the allocation structure
Technical constraints (Power limits etc.) International registration /co-ordination procedures
Study Groups
Specialists from telecommunication organizations and administrations around the world participate in the work of the Radiocommunication Sectors study groups.
ITU-R study groups:
develop ITU-R Recommendations on the technical characteristics of and operational procedures for radiocommunication services and systems
draft the technical bases for radiocommunication conferences
and
emerging
Study Groups
During the meeting of RA held in October 2007, the Structure of ITU-R Study Groups have been restructured as under:
Study Group 1 (SG 1) Spectrum management Study Group 3 (SG 3) Radio wave propagation Study Group 4 (SG 4) Satellite services Study Group 5 (SG 5) Terrestrial Services Study Group 6 (SG 6) Broadcasting service Study Group 7 (SG 7) Science services
Works: >900 Recommendations Standards in areas of spectrum management and radio technology Result of consensus from meetings of world-wide experts Some referred to in RR Used by spectrum planners and system designers
Study Group Study Group 1 (SG 1) Spectrum management Study Group 3 (SG 3) Radio Wave propagation
Working Party
Working Party 1A (WP 1A) Spectrum engineering techniques Working Party 1B (WP 1B) Spectrum management methodologies and economic strategies Working Party 1C (WP 1C) Spectrum monitoring Working Party 3J (WP 3J) Propagation fundamentals Working Party 3K (WP 3K) Point-to-area propagation Working Party 3L (WP 3L) Ionospheric propagation and radio noise Working Party 3M (WP 3M) Point-to-point and Earth-space propagation Working Party 4A (WP 4A) - Efficient orbit/spectrum utilization for FSS and BSS Working Party 4B (WP 4B) - Systems, air interfaces, performance and availability objectives for FSS, BSS and MSS, including IP-based applications and satellite news gathering Working Party 4C (WP 4C) - Efficient orbit/spectrum utilization for MSS and RDSS Working Party 5A (WP 5A) - Land mobile service above 30 MHz*(excluding IMT); wireless access in the fixed service; amateur and amateur-satellite services Working Party 5B (WP 5B) - Maritime mobile service including Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS); aeronautical mobile service and radiodetermination service Working Party 5C (WP 5C) - Fixed wireless systems; HF and other systems below 30 MHz in the fixed and land mobile services Working Party 5D (WP 5D) - IMT Systems Joint Task Group 5-6 - Studies on the use of the band 790-862 MHz by mobile applications and by other services Working Party 6A (WP 6A) - Terrestrial broadcasting delivery Working Party 6B (WP 6B) - Broadcast service assembly and access Working Party 6C (WP 6C) - Programme production and quality assessment Joint Task Group 5-6 - Studies on the use of the band 790-862 MHz by mobile applications and by other services
Working Party 7A (WP 7A) Time signals and frequency standard emissions Working Party 7B (WP 7B) Space Radiocommunication Applications Working Party 7C (WP 7C) Remote Sensing Systems Working Party 7D (WP 7D) Radio astronomy
National agency for all matters related to ITU-R sector and AsiaPacific Telecommunity (APT). 28
Interference and compatibility analysis for all new requirements with existing and planned frequency usage.
Site clearance of all wireless installations in the country and related matters concerning the Standing Advisory Committee on Radio Frequency Allocations (SACFA) Formulation of National Frequency Allocation Plans (NFAP), Frequency Channelling Plans, Standardisation of radiocommunication equipment for spectrum management
NFAP-2011 is released on 30 September 2011 made effective from 1 October 2011 some of the salient features of NFAP-2011 are:
in line with the decisions of World Radiocommunication Conference 2007 (WRC-07) of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) contained in Radio Regulations (Edition 2008)
It has been developed to cater to newly emerging technologies such as Ultra Wide Band (UWB), Intelligent Transport System (ITS), Short Range Devices, etc
Efforts have been made to ensure equitable and optimum utilization of the scarce limited natural resource of radio frequency spectrum. It has enabled provisions in few frequency bands for indigenous development and Manufacturing. While developing the NFAP-2011 due care has been taken to ensure protection of existing services.
Section of NFAP
3400 - 3500 FIXED FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) MOBILE except aeronautical mobile Amateur Radiolocation 5.433 5.282
3500 - 3600 FIXED FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) MOBILE except aeronautical mobile 5.433A Radiolocation 5.433
IND 66
IND 66
Sub-frequency band
Primary Services
IND 66
Secondary Services
3500 - 3600 FIXED FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) MOBILE except aeronautical mobile 5.433A Radiolocation 5.433
IND 66
International Footnotes
These new systems are more complex and require more resources (sites, frequencies, etc.) then previous services
Market deregulation has increased the number of players and has made necessary the establishment of strong and independent regulation authorities
There are several other challenges like interference Management, international coordination, maintaining Technology Neutrality and harmonisation etc., and to provide safeguard to the wireless based public services and to draw the economic efficiency from the spectrum.
The flexible spectrum management means that spectrum can be accessed on dynamic basis and to be free from technology specific restrictions imposed by the traditional spectrum allocation.
In simple way, Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) allowing the new user (unlicensed) to access spectrum which has already been allocated to another user (licensed). Cognitive Radio technology is one solution of DSA.
Cognitive Radio
The term Cognitive Radio, was first introduced by Joseph Mitola in an article published in 1999 A radio system employing technology that allows the system to obtain knowledge of its operational and geographical environment, established policies and its internal state; to dynamically and autonomously adjust its operational parameters and protocols according to its obtained knowledge in order to achieve predefined objectives; and to learn from the results obtained.
Cognitive Radio
Key Features:
Maintains awareness of its operational and geographical environment and its internal state adjusts its operating parameters to meet requirements and goals Learns from previous experiences to further improve its performance Reasons on observations to adjust adaptation goals Take future decision based on anticipated events Collaborates with other devices to make decisions through collective observations and knowledge
Cognitive Radio
Obtaining knowledge of the operational radio and geographical environment to detect the spectrum white space and also to exit as soon as possible when primary user resume its communication. Decision and adjustment i.e. selecting best suited frequency bands and adjust its operating parameter dynamically according to obtained knowledge. Learn from the past actions to further improve its performance.
Cognitive Radio
Cognitive radio requirements
co-exists with legacy wireless systems uses their spectrum resources does not interfere with them
Application Scenarios
Licensed network Cellular, PCS band Improved spectrum efficiency Improved capacity Third party access in licensed networks
TV bands (400-800 MHz)
Secondary markets
Public safety band
Unlicensed network
Interoperability
Co-existence
WP5A
Working document towards a draft new Report ITU-R M.[LMS.CRS1] Working document towards a draft new Report ITU-R M.[LMS.CRS2]
WP5D
Preliminary draft new Report ITU-R M.[IMT.CRS]
History of CR in ITU-R
Mar, 2006: Canada proposed Question for cognitive radio in ITU-R WP8A Characteristics, performance, application -> WP8A Concept, frequency management, regulation -> WP1B Sep, 2006: Question for cognitive radio (Q.241/5) was approved WP8A technically studies CR, and WP1B studies regulatory issues. Jun, 2007: Start drafting Report on CR@WP8A Nov, 2007: Agenda item 1.19 (SDR and CR) @WRC-07 Nov, 2007: CPM (Conference Preparatory Meeting) Responsible group: ITU-R WP1B Jun, 2008: Start study in WP1B Work on draft CPM text (definition, regulatory issues) Jun, 2010: Finalize draft CPM text in WP1B Jun, 2011: Finalize ITU-R Resolution in WP1B Jan, 2012: RA-12 Jan-Feb, 2012: WRC-12
Regulatory measures and their relevance to enable the introduction of softwaredefined radio and cognitive radio systems
resolves to invite ITU-R to study whether there is a need for regulatory measures related to the application of cognitive radio system technologies; to study whether there is a need for regulatory measures related to the application of software-defined radio, resolves further
that WRC-11 consider the results of these studies and take the appropriate actions.
CPM Report
Definition of Cognitive Radio System (as published in Report ITU-R SM.2152):
Cognitive radio system (CRS) is a radio system employing technology that allows the system to obtain knowledge of its operational and geographical environment, established policies and its internal state; to dynamically and autonomously adjust its operational parameters and protocols according to its obtained knowledge in order to achieve predefined objectives; and to learn from the results obtained.
CPM Report
In the case of LMS, CRS technologies may yield significant benefits by providing increased spectral efficiency of existing spectrum and mitigate the problem of congestion Common Concern within ITU-R
Potection of existing services from potential interference from the services implementing CRS technology, especially from the dynamic spectrum access capability of CRS. Any system of a specific service using CRS in a frequency band allocated to that service should be operated in accordance with the provisions of the Radio Regulations and administration rules.
CPM Report
Deployment Scenarios:
Use of CRS technology to guide reconfiguration of connections between terminals and multiple radio systems
Use of CRS technology by an operator of radiocommunication systems to improve the management of its assigned spectrum resources Use of CRS technology as an enabler of cooperative spectrum access Use of CRS technology as an enabler of opportunistic spectrum access
CPM Report
CRS challenges and opportunities
Some concerns with respect to the use of the CRS technology to
dynamically access the spectrum for the band exclusively allocated to Passive services
Satellite operators in the EESS using passive sensors Interference avoidance to FSS and BSS (detection of receive-only terminals and use of database) Any use of CRS technologies for safety-of-life operations The hidden node problem by fading and shadowing effects
A CRS station to obtain the proper authorization from the relevant Administration prior to the use of the spectrum.
CPM Report
CRS capabilities and their applicability to facilitate coexistence in shared bands
spectrum sensing capability including collaborative and cooperative sensing; positioning capability of the transmitters and receivers (geo- location); a ccess to information on the spectrum usage, local regulatory requirements and policies, e.g. through access to a database or access to a logical or physical cognitive pilot channel; capabilities to adjust operational parameters based on the obtained knowledge.
These capabilities of CRS may help improve coexistence amongst radiocommunication systems deployed under the current regulatory regime
CPM Report
Analysis of Result of Studies: The implementation of CRS will have to be in accordance with the Radio Regulations and with national regulations. Whether CRS technology is used as an enabler of cooperative spectrum access amongst system operators or of opportunistic spectrum access, administrations issue the authorization for a station to use a radio frequency. Further studies required on CRS technology, addressing especially dynamic and/or opportunistic spectrum access. Regulatory implications for CRS:
No need for modification to the Radio Regulations
No change to the Radio Regulations and an ITU-R Resolution providing guidance for further studies on CRS It is proposed to develop a Resolution calling for studies on CRS with special emphasis on sharing issues.
ITU-R M.[LMS.CRS2]: Cognitive radio systems in the land mobile service (Part 2) :
Applications, Cognitive Radio systems operational techniques, Coexistence, Technical consideration regarding the impact on spectrum use and Annexure
IMT-2000 Time 2
IMT-Advanced
carrier 1
carrier 2
carrier 4
carrier 1
carrier 2
carrier 3
IMT-2000
IMT-Advanced
IMT-Advanced
IMT-2000 Node B
IMT-Advanced Node B
Decision:
SUPPRESSED (No further Study) considering that no need for modification to the Radio Regulations
Recognizing
a) b) c) that any radio system implementing CRS technology needs to operate in accordance with the provisions of the Radio Regulations; that the use of CRS does not exempt administrations from their obligations with regard to the protection of stations of other administrations operating in accordance with the Radio Regulations; that CRSs are expected to provide flexibility and improved efficiency to overall spectrum use,
recommends
that administrations participate actively in the ITU-R studies conducted under Resolution ITU-R 58, taking into account recognizing a) and b).