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Unit 9, Chapter 30
Chapter 30 Nuclear Reactions and Radiation 30.1 Radioactivity 30.2 Radiation 30.3 Nuclear Reactions and Energy
Chapter 30 Objectives
1. Describe the cause and types of radioactivity. 2. Explain why radioactivity occurs in terms of energy. 3. Use the concept of half-life to predict the decay of a radioactive isotope. 4. Write the equation for a simple nuclear reaction.
7. Use the graph of energy versus atomic number to determine whether a nuclear reaction uses or releases energy.
30.1 Radioactivity
Key Question:
How do we model radioactivity?
30.1 Radioactivity
The word radioactivity was first used by Marie Curie in 1898. She used the word radioactivity to describe the property of certain substances to give off invisible radiations that could be detected by films.
30.1 Radioactivity
Scientists quickly learned that there were three different kinds of radiation given off by radioactive materials.
Alpha rays Beta rays Gamma rays
The scientists called them rays because the radiation carried energy and moved in straight lines, like light rays.
30.1 Radioactivity
We now know that radioactivity comes from the nucleus of the atom. If the nucleus has too many neutrons, or is unstable for any other reason, the atom undergoes radioactive decay. The word decay means to "break down."
30.1 Radioactivity
In alpha decay, the nucleus ejects two protons and two neutrons. Beta decay occurs when a neutron in the nucleus splits into a proton and an electron.
Gamma decay is not truly a decay reaction in the sense that the nucleus becomes something different.
30.1 Radioactivity
Radioactive decay gives off energy.
The energy comes from the conversion of mass into energy.
Because the speed of light (c) is such a large number, a tiny bit of mass generates a huge amount of energy. Radioactivity occurs because everything in nature tends to move toward lower energy.
30.1 Radioactivity
If you started with one kilogram of C-14 it would decay into 0.999988 kg of N-14. The difference of 0.012 grams is converted directly into energy via Einsteins formula E = mc2.
30.1 Radioactivity
Systems move from higher energy to lower energy over time. A ball rolls downhill to the lowest point or a hot cup of coffee cools down.
A radioactive nucleus decays because the neutrons and protons have lower overall energy in the final nucleus than they had in the original nucleus.
30.1 Radioactivity
The radioactive decay of C-14 does not happen immediately because it takes a small input of energy to start the transformation from C-14 to N-14. The energy needed to start the reaction is called an energy barrier. The lower the energy barrier, the more likely the atom is to decay quickly.
30.1 Radioactivity
Radioactive decay depends on chance.
It is possible to predict the average behavior of lots of atoms, but impossible to predict when any one atom will decay. One very useful prediction we can make is the half-life. The half-life is the time it takes for one half of the atoms in any sample to decay.
30.1 Half-life
The half-life of carbon-14 is about 5,700 years.
If you start out with 200 grams of C-14, 5,700 years later only 100 grams will still be C-14.
30.1 Half-life
Most radioactive materials decay in a series of reactions. Radon gas comes from the decay of uranium in the soil. Uranium (U-238) decays to radon-222 (Ra-222).
Living things contain a large amount of carbon. When a living organism dies it stops exchanging carbon with the environment. As the fixed amount of carbon-14 decays, the ratio of C-14 to C-12 slowly gets smaller with age.
30.2 Radiation
Key Question: What are some types and sources of radiation?
30.2 Radiation
The word radiation means the flow of energy through space. There are many forms of radiation. Light, radio waves, microwaves, and x-rays are forms of electromagnetic radiation.
Many people mistakenly think of radiation as only associated with nuclear reactions.
30.2 Radiation
The intensity of radiation measures how much power flows per unit of area. When radiation comes from a single point, the intensity decreases inversely as the square of the distance. This is called the inverse square law and it applies to all forms of radiation.
30.1 Intensity
Intensity (W/m2) Area (m2)
Power (watt)
I=P A
Background radiation results in an average dose of 0.3 rem per year for someone living in the United States.
The nuclear reaction above is proposed for combining two atoms of silver to make an atom of gold.
This reaction cannot actually happen because it breaks the rules for nuclear reactions. List two rules that are broken by the reaction.
An antielectron (also called a positron) is like an ordinary electron except that it has positive charge.
30.3 Neutrinos
When beta decay was first discovered, physicists were greatly disturbed to find that the energy of the resulting proton and electron was less than the energy of the disintegrating neutron.
The famous Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli proposed that there must be a very light, previously undetected neutral particle that was carrying away the missing energy. We now know the missing particle is a type of neutrino.
30.3 Neutrinos
Despite the difficulty of detection, several carefully constructed neutrino experiments have detected neutrinos coming from nuclear reactions in the sun.