Evolution and Deployment of Cellular Telephone Systems

Concept of the different generations of wireless cellular systems Evolution and deployment of wireless cellular systems on a worldwide basis The basic operations and structure of a 1G cellular system Difference between a 1G, 2G, and 2.5G cellular system Characteristics of 3G wireless mobile systems. Concept of 4G wireless Function of standards bodies

DIFFERENT GENERATIONS OF WIRELESS CELLULAR NETWORKS

Land-based two-way mobile radio systems commenced operation in the early 1930s in the United States. These systems were typically used for fleet communications by the public service sector (e.g., police and fire departments). Operating in a time division duplex mode. In 1946, AT&T and Southwestern Bell commenced operation of a mobile radio-telephone service to private customers in St. Louis, Missouri. The system operated on a small number of channels licensed by the FCC in the 150-MHz band. In 1964, the Bell system began to introduce Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS). This new service allowed- full duplex. operation (i.e., both parties could talk at the same time and provided for automatic channel selection, direct dialing, and more efficient use of the spectrum by reducing channel spacing. In 1970, Bell Laboratories, under authorization from the FCC, tested its cellular concept with prototype systems operating in the Newark, New Jersey, and Baltimore, Maryland, areas .

 In 1974, the FCC released some 40 MHz more of frequency spectra for the development of early analog modulation-based cellular systems in 1978 a trial cellular telephone system, known as the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS'), was put into operation in the Chicago area by Illinois Bell and AT&T using the newly allocated 800-MHz band. In July of 1983, the FCC released Bulletin No. 53 from the Office of Science and Technology (OST). This bulletin, titled "Cellular System Mobile Station Land Station Compatibility Specification," provided the core specifications and thus became the defining standard for the AMPS system. Earlier, an AMPS system with eighty-eight cells began operation in Tokyo in late 1979, and in the Nordic countries of Norway, Denmark, Finland, and Sweden a similar analog-based, voice-oriented, AMPS first generation or 1G cellular system was put into operation in 1981 This first multinational cellular system, known as the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system, used the 450-MHz band and immediately became extremely popular.

 As new technology has been deployed to upgrade cellular system capacity and functionality, comprehensive technology changes have been designated as new generational systems. Digital modulation schemes are generally referred to as second-generation or 2G technology. The GSM system first deployed in the European countries and now worldwide is considered a second-generation technology as is North American TDMA or 1S-136. The ability to provide medium- to high-speed data access to and from the public data network over a cellular telephone system has resulted in a halfgenerational step that is presently referred to as 2.5G (halfway between second- and third-generation technology). The next generation of cellular telephones with functionality that meets the recently adopted IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications2000) standards are referred to as third-generation or 3G technology. Cellular telephone systems with more advanced functions and near asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) data transfer speeds as 4G technology.

1G CELLULAR SYSTEMS
First analog-based, voice-oriented cellular telephone systems All first-generation cellular systems used analog frequency modulation schemes for the transmission of voice messages with two separate bands for downlink (from base station mobile) and uplink (from mobile base station) transmissions This type of system is known as frequency division duplex (FDD) FDM is used to increase system capacity

AMP Characteristics
The AMPS system began operation in the 800-MHz band. The downlink or forward band was from 824 to 849 MHz and the uplink or reverse band was from 869 to 894 MHz The channel spacing was set at 30 kHz and each base station's transmit and receive frequency was separated by 45 MHz The FCC introduced competition into the mobile phone arena by dividing the allotted frequency spectrum into "A" and 'B" bands. The A band was allocated to one service provider and the B band was allocated to another service provider within a specific serving area.

AMPS Channels
System Band Bandwidth in MHz A 10 Number of Channels 333 Boundary of Channels 1 to 333 Channel #s Transmitter Center Frequency in Mf?z MS * BTS 825.030 to 834.990 835.020 to 844.980 845.010 to 846.480 846.540 to 848.970 824.040 to 845.000 824.010 870.030 to 879.990 880.020 to 889.980 890.010 to 891.480 889.510 to 883.970 869.040 to 870.00 869.010

10

333

334 to 666

1.5

50

667 to 717

2.5

83

717 to 799

33

991 to 1023

Not Used

N/A

990

AMPS System Components and Layout

AMPS cellular system

Cellular Standard

Downlink Frequency Band 824-849 MHz 890-915 MHz 872-905 MHz 453-457.5 MHz 890-915 MHz 450-455.74 MHz 450-455 MHz 165.2-168.4 MHz 192.5-199.5 MHz 215.5-233.5 MHz 414.8-418 MHz 915-918.5 MHz 922925 MHz 925-940 MHz 898-901 MHz 915-925 MHz 918.5-922 MHz

Uplink Frequency Band

Channel Spacing

Region

AMPS TACS E-TACS NMT450 NMT900 C-4S0 RMTS Radiocom 2000

869-894 MHz 935-960 MHz 917-950 MHz 463-467.5 MHz 935-960 MHz 460-465.74 MHz 460-465 MHz 169.8-173 MHz 200.5207.5 MHz 207.5215.5 MHz 424.8-428 MHz 860-863.5 MHz 867870 MHz 870-885 MHz 843-846 MHz 860-870 MHz 863.5-867 MHz

30 kHz 25 kHz 25 kHz 25 kHz 12.5 kHz 10kHz 25 kHz 12.5 kHz

United States European Union United Kingdom European Union European Union Germany & Portugal Italy France

NTT

12.5 kHz

Japan

JTACS/NTACS

12.5/25 kHz 12.5/25 kHz 12.5 kHz

Japan

2 Generation
Difference between 1G and 2G: Modulation Multiplexing Control messages over the dedicated control channels supervisory audio tones and signaling tones facilitate systems operations in 1G digital encoding and decoding-provides both security and privacy use of error detection and correction codes Roaming problem

General Characteristics of 2G Systems

o The ability of cellular systems to support more than one user per radio channel is through the use of advanced digital multiplexing techniques. o TDMA systems (GSM, North American TDMA, and PDC) all use timeslots to allocate a fixed periodic time when a subscriber has exclusive use of a particular channel (frequency). o The GSM system uses a transmission format with eight timeslots and therefore the system can support eight users per radio channel simultaneously. CDMA cellular systems use a digital modulation technique known as spread spectrum. o For either TDMA or CDMA cellular systems, both control information and traffic share the same radio channel.

2 G Technology
GSM: o GSM technology uses TDMA to allow up to eight users per channel. o Channels are spaced 200 kHz apart. o The basic system uses frequencies in the 800 MHz band (GSM 900), 1800 MHz (GSM 1800) and the 1900-MHz band was added in the United states for PCS service (GSM 1900). o There are current plans to expand into the 850-MHz and 450MHz bands (GSM 850 and GSM 450). o GSM service when first introduced supported circuit-switched data rates of up to 9.6 kbps.

CDMA
New digital technology In 1993, the CDMA air interface standard, IS-95, was adopted and the first CDMA commercial network began operation in Hong Kong in 1995. CDMA has experienced very rapid growth and presently 13% of the world's cellular telephones use this technology

TDMA 800-MHz and then the 900-MHz PCS bands IS-136 10% of the world's cellular subscribers use this technology

PDC: Personal Digital Communications system

In 1989, the Japanese Ministry of Post and Telegraph began a development study with the ultimate goal of creating a digital cellular system with a common air interface. From this study came the Japanese Personal Digital Communications (PDC) system in 1991 Using TDMA technology similar to IS-54 in both the 800-MHz and 450-MHz bands, PDC systems supplied by Motorola were deployed starting in 1993. Currently, only 5% of the world's cellular subscribers use PDC technology

o o

o o o

PCS Systems The FCC had allocated 153 MHz of spectrum for Personal Communication Services (PCS) and look the stance that the marketplace should dictate the use of this spectrum. Many cellular service providers bid on the two frequency blocks available in the fifty-one major trading areas (BMTAs) and the 453 frequency blocks available for basic trading areas (BTAs). A large number of these licenses have been used to extend cellular coverage by the cellular service providers. In only a limited number of cases, service providers have deployed pure PCS networks. Typically, CDMA, GSM 1900, and NA-TDMA technology have been used to provide service in these PCS bands.

2.5G CELLULAR SYSTEMS

o High-speed data rates and many more features tied to the access of the PDN o the most important cellular systems are GSM, CDMA, and NA-TDMA. Together these systems represent approximately 95% of the world's cellular subscribers CDPD o CDPD was originally designed to provide mobile packet data services as an, overlay system for the now legacy AMPS cellular system. o It can be extended to CDMA service but CDMA is following a .different path. o CDPD service may continue as a viable alternative for the delivery of low-speed brusty packet data in the near term.

HSCSD: High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data Circuit-switched data rates on GSM networks. This enhancement takes place in two steps.
Phase one, data transfer rates up to 43.2 kbps, and then a follow-up enhancement, Phase two, will allow transfers to 64 kbps.

This technology works by giving a mobile subscriber multiple timeslots out of the standard GSM TDMA frame with its eight timeslots.

GPRS: General Packet Radio Service

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) was defined by the European Telecommunication Standards Institute as a means of providing packet-switched data service that allows full mobility, and wide area coverage on GSM networks. GSM GPRS service is designed to ultimately provide data transfer rates up to 160 kbps This technology is also being deployed by NA-TDMA systems with data rates up to 45 kbps. The use of GPRS technology for packet-switched data services for both GSM and NA-TDMA will eventually drive these two similar technologies toward a converged system as 3G is approached.

Packet Data over CDMA

The CDMA system used an Inter Working Function (IWF) component that is necessary for both circuit and packet data. For circuit-switched data, the IWF supplies a modem connection to the PSTN and the modem function is built into the mobile subscriber's CDMA telephone. For packet data, the IWF provides the interface between the wireless system and the external packet network with a maximum data rate of 14.4 kbps. For 2.5G CDMA systems (IS-95B revision) higher data rates of 115.2 kbps are possible. However, the real data throughput of the system is more in the range of 60 to 80 kbps. Both IS-95A and IS-95B systems are now referred to as cdmaOne cellular systems.

CDMA interworking function node

3 Generation

Organizations involved with the development of the 3G cellular standards

3G Introduction
3G and all it is meant to be are defined in the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) specification International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000). IMT-2000 is a radio and network access specification defining several methods or technology platforms that meet the overall goals of the specification. The IMT-2000 specification is meant to be a unifying specification, enabling mobile and some fixed high-speed data services to use one or several radio channels with fixed network platforms for delivering the services envisioned:
Global standard Compatibility of service within IMT-2000 and other fixed networks

3G characteristics
High quality Worldwide common frequency band Small terminals for worldwide use Worldwide roaming capability Multimedia application services and terminals Improved spectrum efficiency Flexibility for evolution to the next generation of wireless systems High-speed packet-data rates: 2 Mbps for fixed environment 384 kbps for pedestrian 144 kbps for vehicular traffic

3G operating environments

3G characteristics by cell size and mobile speed

Cell Type Maximum Radius Cell Global Cell 1000's of km Mega Cell 100-500 km Macro Cell 35 km Micro Cell 1 km Pico Cell 50 m

Operating Environment

Global

100-500 km

Suburban (low user density) Tower or building mounted 144 kbps

Urban (high user density) Building facade or famp-post 384 kbps

In-building

Installation Type

Satellite GEO, MEO, LEO 100'sofkbps to several mbps* N/A

Satellites LEO

Inside of a building 2 mbps

Data Rate

100'sofkbps to several mbps* N/A

Maximum Mobile Speed (Km/h)

500km/h

100km/h

10 km/h

3G is a mobile radio and network access scheme that enables high-speed data to be used, allowing for true multimedia capabilities in a mobile wireless system. Todays wireless cellular and Personal Communications Services (PCS) systems have the same radio bandwidth allocated for both voice and data. Some of the 2.5G transition or migration plans call for the use of a dedicated spectrum just for data applications.

3G in some regions
o

o
o

o o o

Europe: WCDMA (using FDD) Japan: WCDMA (both TDD and FDD) Korea: WCDMA CDMA2000 North America: CDMA2000 China TD-SCDMA

Two groups:
Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
3GPP works on UMTS which is based on WCDMA

Third Generation Partnership Project2 (3GPP2)

3GPP2 works on CDMA2000

UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Terrestrial Radio Access Network Because of the widespread deployment and success of Global System for Mobile (GSM) communications, it is appropriate to base the UMTS core network on an evolution of the GSM core network In fact, the initial release of UMTS (3GPP release 1999) makes use of the same core network architecture as defined for GSM and GPRS. UMTS specifications define four service classes:
o o o o Conversational Interactive Streaming Background

The services within a given class have a common set of characteristics.

CDMA2000
CDMA2000 is a wireless platform that is part of the IMT-2000 specification and is an extension of the CDMAOne wireless platforms using the IS-95A/B and J-STD-008 standards.

CDMA2000 is geared toward the transport and treatment of 3G wireless services supporting multimedia applications for fixed as well as mobile situations.

CDMA2000
CDMA2000 can be and has been deployed in an existing IS-95 channel or system and will exhibit the numerous enhancements:
1.25 MHz channel support 144 kbps packet-data rates 2 increase in voice capacity 2 increase in standby time Improved handoff