Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Basic Fluid Parameters Used in Reservoir Engineering (Viscosity, Compressibility, Volume Factor, GOR, Phase Diagrams)
Copyright 2007,
What is Petroleum?
Petroleum: a natural yellow-to-black liquid hydrocarbon found at and beneath the earths surface, Hydrocarbon: an organic compound made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Copyright 2007,
Crude Oils
Light Crude
Palo Pinto Field North Texas
Heavy Crude
Humble Oil Field Southwest Texas
Copyright 2007,
Crude Oils
Extra Heavy Oil (Orinoco Belt, Venezuela)
Copyright 2007,
Fuel Oil - 9.2 gallons Jet Fuel - 4.1 gallons Asphalt - 2.3 gallons Kerosene - 0.2 gallons Lubricants - 0.5 gallons Petrochemicals, other products - 6.2 gallons
Copyright 2007,
Hydrocarbon
Combination of C and H
H H H
H C C C H
H
H C H
ETHANE
H H H
PROPANE
H
METHANE
H H
H C C H
H H
Copyright 2007,
CO2
N2 Hg (Mercury)
Copyright 2007,
API Gravity
141 .5 API 131 .5 SG or 141 .5 SG API 131 .5
Viscosity ()
Units: cp
Sources: Lab measurements, correlations Range and typical values
0.25 to 10,000 cp, Black oil 0.5 to 1.0 cp, Water 0.012 to 0.035 cp, Gas
Copyright 2007,
Pb
Pressure
10
Copyright 2007,
Fractional change in volume due to a unit change in pressure Symbol: co, cg, cw Units: psi-1, microsips (1 microsip = 1x10-6 psi-1) Source: Lab measurements, correlations
Copyright 2007,
11
Pb
Gas at Surface
Oil in Place
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved
12
Pb
Gas at Surface
Oil in Place
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved
13
Exercise
There is 1,000,000 bbls of recoverable oil in reservoir. If you recover all of the oil to the surface, how much stock tank volume of oil and gas (standard condition) you can obtain? Assume: Bo = 1.2, GOR = 600, reservoir is saturated and no free gas is drained. If the oil price is $75/bbl and gas price is $10 /mscf, how much revenue can you get? (you do not have to consider production cost in this exercise).
Copyright 2007,
14
Copyright 2007,
15
GOR Rs
Surface
GWR Vg1
GOR
Vg 1 Vg 2 Vg 3 Vo
GOR Vo Vg3
Vg2 Bo
Bw Bg
Rs
Reservoir
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved
16
where:
GOR Rs Bo and Bg mo and mg krg/kro
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved
Production gas oil ratio Gas in solution in oil Oil and gas volume factors Oil and gas viscosities Gas/oil-relative permeability-ratio
17
Hydrocarbons Classification
Black Oil <1750 Volatile Oil 1750 to 3200 Retrograde Gas > 3200 Wet Gas > 15,000* Dry Gas 100,000*
Initial Producing Gas/Liquid Ratio, scf/STB Initial StockTank Liquid Gravity, API Color of StockTank Liquid
< 45
> 40
> 40
Up to 70
No Liquid No Liquid
Dark
Colored
Lightly Colored
Water White
Copyright 2007,
18
Hydrocarbons Classification
Black Volatile Retrograde Oil Oil Gas Bubblepoint Bubblepoint Dewpoint Wet Gas No Phase Change < 4* Dry Gas No Phase Change < 0.8*
Phase Change in Reservoir Heptanes Plus, Mole Percent Oil Formation Volume Factor at Bubblepoint
> 20%
20 to 12.5
< 12.5
< 2.0
> 2.0
Copyright 2007,
19
Hydrocarbon Behavior
(Single Component / Constant Temperature)
Copyright 2007,
20
Hydrocarbon Behavior
(Single Component / Constant Temperature)
Copyright 2007,
21
LIQUID
GAS
LIQUID PISTON
GAS
LIQUID PISTON
PISTON
LIQUID PISTON
LIQUID PISTON
PRESSURE DECREASE
Copyright 2007,
FLASH EXPANSION
Gas is formed from the liquid when de pressure is reduced, keeping in contact with the crude oil. The total composition of the system remains constant.
Pb
LIQUID PISTON GAS LIQUID PISTON LIQUID PISTON LIQUID PISTON GAS
PRESSURE DECREASE
Copyright 2007,
Typical PVT Data for Differential Vaporization of an Undersaturated Oil at Constant Temperature (305F)
Copyright 2007,
24
Copyright 2007,
Copyright 2007,
26
Pressure, psia
Critical point
Dewpoint line
Separator
Temperature, F
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved
27
Pressure
% Liquid
3 Separator
Temperature, F
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved
28
Pressure
Separator
Temperature
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved
29
Pressure
Wet gas
Critical point
% Liquid 2
Separator
Temperature
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved
30
Pressure
Dry gas
% Liquid 2
Separator
Temperature
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved
31
Volatile Oil
Pressure path 1 Critical point in reservoir 2 Dewpoint line Pressure Volatile oil
% Liquid
Separator
Separator
Temperature, F
Temperature
Pressure
Pressure
Pressure
Wet gas
Critical point
Dry gas
% Liquid 2
Separator Temperature
Separator Temperature
Separator Temperature
Copyright 2007,
Retrograde Gas
, All rights reserved
Wet Gas
Dry Gas
32
Three Gases
Dry gas - gas at surface is same as gas in reservoir Wet gas - recombined surface gas and condensate represents gas in reservoir Retrograde gas - recombined surface gas and condensate represents the gas in the reservoir but not the total reservoir fluid (retrograde condensate stays in reservoir)
Copyright 2007,
33
Properties of heptanes plus Specific Gravity 0.807 Molecular Weight 142 lb/lb mole
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved
34
100000
35
Copyright 2007,
36
Retrograde Gas
5000
4000
3000
2000 10 11 12 13 14 15
37
Copyright 2007,
38
Field Identification
Black Oil <1750 Volatile Oil 1750 to 3200 Retrograde Wet Dry Gas Gas Gas > 3200 > 15,000* 100,000*
Initial Producing Gas/Liquid Ratio, scf/STB Initial StockTank Liquid Gravity, API Color of StockTank Liquid
< 45
> 40
> 40
Up to 70
No Liquid No Liquid
Dark
Colored
Lightly Colored
Water White
Copyright 2007,
39
Laboratory Analysis
Black Volatile Retrograde Oil Oil Gas Bubblepoint Bubblepoint Dewpoint Wet Gas No Phase Change < 4* Dry Gas No Phase Change < 0.8*
Phase Change in Reservoir Heptanes Plus, Mole Percent Oil Formation Volume Factor at Bubblepoint
> 20%
20 to 12.5
< 12.5
< 2.0
> 2.0
40
Volatile Oil
GOR
Retrograde Gas
GOR
Wet Gas
GOR
Dry Gas
No liquid
Time
Time
Time
Time
Time
API
API
API
API
API
No liquid
Time
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved
Time
Time
Time
Time
41
Exercise
One of the wells in the Merit field, completed in December 1967 in the North Rodessa formation, originally produced 54API stock-tank liquid at a gas/oil ratio of about 23,000 scf/STB. During July 1969, the well produced 1987 STB of 58API liquid and 78,946 Mscf of gas. By May 1972, the well was producing liquid at a rate of about 30 STB/d of 59API liquid and gas at about 2,000 Mscf/d. What type of reservoir fluid is this well producing?
Copyright 2007,
42
Plot of Exercise
100000 Producing gas/oil ratio, scf/STB
90000 80000 70000 60000 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53
50000 40000
30000 20000 10000 0 0 12 24 36
52 51 48 60
50 72
43
Exercise Solution
Initial GLR over 3,200 scf/STB and producing gas-liquid ratio and stock tank oil gravity increasing with production, thus fluid Retrograde Gas Condensate is retrograde gas condensate Initial GLR over 15,000 scf/STB, thus fluid can be treated as wet gas GLR apparently started increasing immediately, indicating that pi = pd and the possibility of an oil zone
Copyright 2007,
44
EMPIRICAL CORRELATIONS
Copyright 2007,
STANDING CORRELATION
Rs(Solution Gas, SCF/STB) and Bo (Oil volume factor, Bbl/STB) calculation
Rs = g
P 18
x
10 0.0125 10
o API
1.205
0.00091 T
when P Pb
F = Rs
g o
0.6
+ 1.25 T
Gas in solution, SCF/STB; Oil volumetric factor , Bbl/STB; Pressure, psi; Temperature F; Gas Specific gravity (air = 1); Oil Specific gravity (water = 1) ; Oil API Gravity Oil density, lb/ft3
46
Copyright 2007,
OIL DENSITY
o =
Copyright 2007,
Copyright 2007,
g = gSC / Bg ,
Where gSC = 0.0764 g
Copyright 2007,
BUBBLE PRESSURE
Pb
P
14.7 psi 4 60o F
3 TWO PHASES
LIQUID PISTON
LIQUID
GAS
Vg P,T LIQUID Vo P,T PISTON
GAS
Vg SC
PISTON
LIQUID PISTON
Vo SC
1
Vo (P,T)= Bo x VoSC
4
GOR = Vg SC / Vo SC
1) Calculate the oil and gas flow rates in ft3/sec. in a point of the tubing where the pressure is 800 psi and the temperature is 140 oF.. Assume Z= 0.9. Use empirical correlations for Bo, Bg, Rs Calculations
2) Calculate the oil and gas densities for the same conditions. Sol# Rs=152, F=307.9, Bo=1.089 Bg=.0189
Qo(800psi, 140 F) = Bo x Qo(STB/day) ,AnsQ0=1089 bpd Qg(800psi, 140 F) = BgxQo(STB/day)x(GOR Rs) 1 bbl = 5.615 ft3 y 1day=86400 sec
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved