Radio and Television

What is Broadcasting?
is the distribution of audio and video content to a dispersed audience via any audio or visual mass communications medium, but usually one using electromagnetic radiation (radio waves).

What is Broadcasting?
Broadcasting has been used for purposes of private recreation, non-commercial exchange of messages, experimentation, self-training, and emergency communication such as amateur (ham) radio and amateur television (ATV) in addition to commercial purposes like popular radio or TV stations with advertisements.

Social Impact of Broadcasting

Focuses on getting one message out and it is up to the general public to do what they wish with it. Distribute a signal that will reach the target audience. Arrange audiences into entire assemblies

Types of Broadcasting
Telephone Broadcasting (18811932) Radio Broadcasting Television Broadcasting Cable radio Direct-broadcast satellite (DBS) Webcasting of video/television

The Process of Broadcast Speech Communication

Factors of communication: The sender or the source the message the channel the medium the receiver

The Source
Telecaster Technicians Fashion Consultants Make-up Artists

The Message
A variety of message forms are available in radio and TV. The message maybe affected , distorted or enhanced by: time censorship advertisers

The Medium
Airwave Medium Satellite

The Receiver

The Receiver
UNIQUE FEATURES OF THE BROADCAST AUDIENCE:

The broadcast audience exercise control over the listening situation. They cannot be forced to watch or listen. They decide or they do not decide to be the audience. They listen for a variety of reasons. They are entirely unstructured. They are entirely isolated from each other.

Broadcast Media and Speech

Mass communication Radio broadcasts

Radio and Television Broadcast

Television broadcast although not on the round-theclock basis as in radio, and although they are beamed mainly to urban areas, are followed avidly by millions in the metropolitan areas in Manila, Cebu, Iloilo and other urban centers. With sophisticated receivers listeners can even receive programs from abroad.

Radio and Television Broadcast

Most broadcast media fare today are news reports, variety, disc jockey, quiz shows, interviews and radio and television dramas. News programs suit radio and television best, especially in competition with print media. Latter comes out once a day twice at most while radio reports can be on a 24hour basis.

News Programs
Is a regularly scheduled radio or television program that reports current events.

News Programs
News is typically reported in series of individual stories that are presented by one or more anchors. A news program can include live or recorded interviews by field reporters, expert opinions, opinion poll results, and occasional editorial content A special category of news program are entirely editorial in format

Radio and TV Scripts

In radio, the message is written out in an outline from which the broadcaster bases his talk. TV script contains the complete message written down in a narrative manuscript

Useful Techniques in Writing Scripts

Address the entire script to a wide variety of audience. Use an emphatic and attention-getting initial. Make your script simple. Make all main points stand-out Choose sequence signals properly and use transitions effectively Develop the script into an informal conversation style

Useful Techniques in Writing Scripts

Make your sentences clear and reasonably short without going for a choppy construction. Plan the script to fit the time limit. Limit consonants with hissing sounds such as [z] and [s]. Use simple words. Organize your script into an orderly a-b-c logical method.

Drafting the Manuscript

Write the script yourself giving the entire piece unity, coherence and emphasis Read a finished unit or portion aloud several times and rewrite those sentences that sound affected or forced. Type the script on a standard bond paper with double spacing between lines in readiness for microphone reading Mark portions that can be cut in the event you overtime At the end of your script, include material that can be added or cut as the actual speaking time allows.

Writing Scripts of Plays

The writer of scripts of plays for radio and television has to be a creative artist. He has to be familiar with the elements of drama and ways of theater and must be able to write and invent situations. He should know how to develop a dramatic idea, with all its complexities, to a logical situation. A radio or television play has to have a good idea for a story.

Writing Scripts of Plays

It should have conflict. The writer has to be able to manipulate his idea into a form which will have meaning and appeal to all kinds of audiences. As you prepare a script, you should remember that those who will listen to it on the radio or see it on television will be people just like you. Your play has to be about human beings in human situations with whom your audience can empathize. If they cannot do so you can expect them to switch to another radio stations or another television channel.

Broadcasting in English
The language problem is a vexing one for the beginning broadcaster. His schooling having been in English, he will find that he has to learn to broadcast in the national language. This is because radio and TV programs are, with certain exceptions, in Filipino. The term Filipino may not even suffice here, since the broadcasters generally use Tagalog to the consternation of audiences in Cebu, Iloilo, Davao, not to mention the clannish illocanos.

Broadcasting in English
Even if you are adept in Tagalog, you have to contend with Taglish a mongrel language. Even seasoned Tagalistas commit this error when stuck for lack of tagalog terms to use. This dilemma becomes formidable when the broadcaster finds that there is not a Tagalog term for a certain foreign word.

Articulation and Pronunciation

Articulation is the vocal expression or pronunciation that brings together all articulatory organs in order to produce a sound of speech. Accurate pronunciation and correct articulation of sounds enhance the acceptability of speech and heighten credibility as a speaker.

Articulation and Pronunciation

Words in our language are made up of phonemes (individual sounds) that combine to give meaning. We use our articulators, the lips, teeth, tongue, and jaw. Intelligibility, credibility, and precision of pronunciation are all linked. Articulating clearly Breathing correctly and keeping a healthy and relaxed throat

Articulation and Pronunciation

SOME SIGNS OF ARTICULATION DIFFICULTIES INCLUDE:

Understanding of the childs speech by only those who know the child well, by age 4 Taking a long time to speak or answer questions. Showing frustration when speaking. Avoiding to join in or to speak in groups or any social situation and conversations.

Articulation and Pronunciation

SOME SIGNS OF ARTICULATION DIFFICULTIES INCLUDE:

Confusing and substituting sounds after age 6 Missing word beginnings or endings of words Missing parts of words, or syllables in longer words Saying certain speech sounds in some situations but not others

Speech Variants
Success of communication-either oral or written depends primarily on the extent to which the speaker is sensitive to what is appropriate language and the proper way of articulating it.

Speech Variants
Differences in speech and writing

Regional and social differences

Degree of formality

Pronunciation Patterns
The dictionary presents several pronunciation variants. There are two ways of pronouncing a word and these are set by the style of speaking represented by the dictionary Formal Colloquial Properly translating symbols into sounds is important.

Pronunciation Patterns
This is a process of three parts: 1. Observe the syllable divisions and the spelling of each syllable. 2. Locate the accent. 3. Giving special attention to the accented syllables, notice the markings or signs for vowels and diphthongs.

Vocabulary for Radio and Television Speech

The words and expressions for radio and television must suit the needs of the general listeners and viewers. Scientific and technical expressions as much as possible should be avoided.

Vocabulary for Radio and Television Speech

Names of famous persons, historical and contemporary places and events, commonly used foreign words and expressions, including new words must make up a broadcasters pool of words and should always be at his fingertips . If a scientific word must be used at all, it must ne up-to-date, accurate in choice and definition, and very intelligible to listeners

Vocabulary for Radio and Television Speech

In using common, everyday words, consider their connotative and denotative meanings so that messages you transmit will be received accurately without any distortions. Broadcast speech, particularly in radio, which is for the most part extemporaneous and impromptu must choose words accurately. The choice of vocabulary expressions sets the message and reflects on the broadcasters responsibility and interest in perfecting his craft.

Your Radio and TV Audience

The broadcaster has to be able to identify his audience before going on the air.

Your Radio and TV Audience

2 KINDS OF AUDIENCE IN PHILIPPINES:

Urban- served mainly by television Rural- served mainly by radio

Your Radio and TV Audience

2 KINDS OF AUDIENCE IN PHILIPPINES:

In Highly urban areas, you may content with: Mid morning and early afternoon weekday audiences. Evening and Sunday listeners and viewers. Friday Afternoon and Saturday.

Your Radio and TV Audience

As you broadcast, you must know that your audience is not obligated to listen to your aircast; you can never think of them as a captive audience.

Radio and Television Speech

The broadcast media-radio and television-pose a language to Filipino speakers. Our schooling being English-oriented, we have difficulty in the broadcast media because the language generally used is Tagalog. This language problem especially true in radio broadcasts which are heard throughout the archipelago. The television broadcasts are also in Tagalog, except of course, those prepared locally in English and canned American and British materials, not to speak Chinese and Spanish films.

Radio and Television Speech

Whether you use Filipino or English your manner of speaking must be clear, easy to understand and helpful in communicating accurate meanings. Radio Speech because radio listeners are not provided with visual cues to help them internalize your message, radio speaking must be done at a relatively rapid rate. Rapid in this context does not mean rushing all your words and sentences until you run out of breath. It refers to a rate of speaking without allowing your speech to drag resulting in long pauses.

Radio and Television Speech

Radio Speaking
This is where radio speaking differs radically from that in television. Long pauses are helpful in TV speech where sound is accompanied by a variety of visual cues such as the physical appearance of the speaker, facial expressions, gestures, the set and the kind. In radio listeners receive long pauses as silence a questionable gap that is not very helpful in understanding meanings.

Radio and Television Speech

Radio Speaking
Pauses therefore, must be used sparingly and in shorter duration so as not to distort the message. Silence due to long pauses leaves an empty space that may even project unpreparedness of disinterest on the part of the radio speaker.

Radio and Television Speech

Radio Speaking
The radio speaker can make up for the lack of visual assistance by making full use of his voice the one most useful instrument that can make or unmake him as a broadcaster. He must develop skill using a variety of voice qualities, rate and pitch and he must have a command of vocal expressions that can put across ideas, sentiments and feelings very effective to his listeners.

Radio and Television Speech

Radio Speaking
Make proper preparation before you go on the air. Practice reading your manuscript or prepare your outline well beforehand until you become familiar with the topic and all its ramifications so that you may also be able to adlib as needed. Make your reading sounds like a talk. In developing your own speaking style a monotonous recital an artificial overemphasis or a stage inflection.

Radio and Television Speech

TV Speech
This unique setting means that you can speak slower and pause for emphasis or transition longer than in radio speaking because these visual cues can fill the aural gaps effectively as in pointing out details in maps or graphs, and showing films cuts of news events. However, longer pauses and slowness in rate should not be stretched too far for they may lose or distort the meaning of what is being said.

Radio and Television Speech

TV Speech
In TV speaking, avoid over emphatic vocal delivery and high pressure vocalizing for it will mar your television image. Your delivery should be somewhat quieter than radio speaking but it must remain enthusiastic, animated and conversational. Use a variety of voice qualities, rate and pitch avoid an overly excited tone, a too fast speaking rate or a very positive inflection of assertiveness for it is in a bad taste.

Radio and Television Speech

TV Speech
Remember that you speak to your TV audience you are the guest in the home of your viewers so keep your voice reasonably animated within conversational limits. Since television technology changes rapidly and facilitates very considerably at different stations and channels, you will need special instructions from directors and technicians in charge each time you broadcast in order to adapt your presentation to the special conditions at hand.

Using the Microphone

Using the Microphone

There are three basic types of microphones:
Non-directional Uni-directional Cardioid

Speaking from the Script

Be sure to put necessary marks on the script for easy reading. Get ready with enough material to fill your time allotment. To prevent running short of time, you should have included some extra material.

Speaking from the Script

When reading from a script, the faster you go, the more robotic you sound. Talk to your audience and read as if it is were extemporaneous, unrehearsed and impromptu. Interpret the scriptwriters idea intellectually and emotionally, sustaining your speech with adlib comments.

Speaking from the Script

Although the speech is written by a group of writers, you must be able to correct or revise it as need arises. You are in command and most importantly, responsible. Try to be yourself and not someone else. Even small changes that are more natural to your normal way of speaking will make a big impact on how you sound when reading the script.

Speaking from the Script

A script is not a document. It's meant to be read aloud as speech. As such, it must be written as though you are speaking, not spoken as though it were writing.

Youre on Camera
FACTORS THAT ENHANCE COMMUNICATIVE EFFECTIVENESS IN A PUBLIC SPEAKING SITUATION:

Clothes Personal appearance Posture Poise Gestures Body Language

Youre on the Air

Be uninhibited. Relax. Arrange the pages of your script loosely so that each page will slip easily over the other. Appear to be talking rather than reading. Give life to your script; speak with vigor, animation, assurance and authority. Although the script has been prepared for you, written, rewritten and rehearsed, read as if conversing with your audience spontaneously and enthusiastically.

Youre on the Air

Avoid dialectal pronunciation since these are not appropriate especially in straight radio speaking or announcing. Unfamiliar words and pronunciations should have been looked up and practiced earlier. Remember to restate points at intervals for your listeners who may have turned in late.

Practice Broadcasts
A microphone, amplifier and loud speaker will help you produce stimulated broadcasts. A public address system and a tape recorder may also be useful for this purpose. A centralized sound system if available in your school can let you make radio broadcasts for the entire school system. However, if electronic sets are unavailable for practice broadcasts, make use of available equipment.

Practice Broadcasts
Arrange the broadcaster group on one side of the room, set the live audience at the opposite side facing away from the broadcasters and put a screen between the two groups to have an illusion of a real broadcast . Prepare your program in advance. In this connection you may need to be familiar with some signals that can be useful in your practice broadcast.

Practice Broadcasts
Cue Cut Faster Louder OK Slow down Standby Station break Time Signals

Practice Broadcasts