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WHAT IS PROTEIN?
Proteins are a sequence of amino acids Of the 20 amino acids that exist, 9 are essential amino acids, and 11 are nonessential There are also 4 amino acids that can be considered conditionally essential: arginine, tyrosine, glutamine, and cysteine
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DENATURING of PROTEINS
Acid, alkaline, heat, alcohol, and agitation can disrupt the chemical forces that stabilize proteins and can cause them to lose their shape (denature) Denaturing of proteins happens during food preparation (cooking, whipping, adding acids) or digestion (in the stomach with hydrochloric acid)
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PROTEINS: Function
Structural Functions: Collagen is the most abundant protein in mammals, and gives bone and skin their strength Keratin provides structure to hair and nails
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PROTEIN: Functions
ENZYMES Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions without being used up or destroyed in the process Used in digestion, releasing of energy from nutrients for fuel, triggering reactions that build muscle and tissue
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PROTEIN: Functions
HORMONES Hormones are chemical messengers that are made on one part of the body, but act on cells in other parts of the body Insulin, Glucagon Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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PROTEIN: Functions
IMMUNE FUNCTION The Immune Response is a series of steps your body takes to mount an attack against invaders Antibodies are blood proteins that attack and inactivate bacteria and viruses Once an antibody has been made for a certain invader, your body can more quickly respond (Immunization)
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PROTEIN: Functions
FLUID BALANCE Fluids in the body are intracellular or extracellular (interstitial and intravascular) and must remain balanced
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PROTEIN: Functions
FLUID BALANCE Blood proteins like albumin and globulin help to regulate this balance by remaining in the capillaries and attracting fluid Edema is the result of fluid imbalance
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PROTEIN: Functions
ACID-BASE BALANCE Proteins help to maintain a stable pH level in our body fluid by picking up extra hydrogen ions when conditions are acidic, and donating hydrogen ions when conditions are alkaline Otherwise, the resulting conditions of acidosis or alkalosis could lead to coma or death
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PROTEIN: Functions
TRANSPORT Lipoproteins (chylomicrons, LDL, HDL) Albumin transports a variety of nutrients such as calcium, zinc, and Vitamin B6 Transferrin transports iron (hemoglobin a protein, contains iron, but it transports oxygen) Proteins may also acts as channels or pumps across the cell membrane
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PROTEIN: Functions
ENERGY SOURCE If the diet does not provide enough energy, the body must begin to break down its own protein The proteins are broken down into individual amino acids, then deaminated, and the remaining carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen compounds are used to make energy or glucose If the diet contains too much protein, the excess will be converted to glucose, or stored as fat
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DIGESTION
No digestion of protein takes place in the mouth, it begins in the stomach Hydrochloric acid denatures protein and also converts pepsinogen to pepsin Pepsin breaks the protein down into peptides of various lengths and some amino acids Pepsin completes ~ 10-20% of digestion
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DIGESTION
Pancreas makes trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen (proenzymes) in response to protein in the small intestine They will be activated to trypsin and chymotrypsin (now called proteases) Proteases break down polypeptides into smaller peptides (very few peptides have been broken down to amino acids at this stage)
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ABSORPTION
In the enterocyte, other peptidases immediately digest everything into single amino acids which are absorbed into the bloodstream Some amino acids share the same transport system, so if you take in a large amount of one particular amino acid, you may be inhibiting the absorption of others
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ABSORPTION
Most protein absorption takes place in the duodenum and jejunum Most amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream, but some remain in the enterocytes and are used to synthesize enzymes and new cells >99% of protein enters the bloodstream as amino acids Absorption of whole protein can cause a severe allergic reaction
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NITROGEN EXCRETION
Amino acid breakdown yields an amino group (containing nitrogen) This molecule is unstable and is converted to ammonia Ammonia is toxic, so it is excreted from the cells and sent to the liver, where it is converted to urea and water The urea is transported to the kidney, where it is filtered from the blood and finally sent to the bladder for excretion in the urine (page 227) Nitrogen is also lost through hair, skin, GI cells mucus, nails, and body fluids like sweat
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Protein Sources
Almonds (1 cup) Pinto Beans (1 cup) Cheese (1 oz.) Ham (3 oz.) 1 Egg 2% Milk (1 cup) Clams (3 oz.) Whole Wheat Bread 24 grams 15 grams 7 grams 18 grams 6 grams 8 grams 60 grams 3 grams
Lean Hamburger
Peanut Butter (1 T) Salmon (3 oz.) Tofu (4 oz.) Yogurt (8 oz.) White rice (1 cup)
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30 grams
4 grams 20 grams 9 grams 10 grams 4 grams
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PROTEIN QUALITY
Complete Proteins proteins that provide all the essential amino acids (most animal proteins) Incomplete Proteins proteins that are missing one or more essential amino acids (most plant proteins except soy protein) Incomplete proteins can be served with a complementary protein to make it complete
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VEGETARIANISM
What are the PROS and CONS of vegetarianism?
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ATKINS DIET
How does it work? What are some of the possible negative consequences?
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