At the end of this session, you should be able to:

Definition and Concepts of Disaster Risk Reduction Learning Objectives

Define disaster,hazard, risk, elements at risk, vulnerability, capacity, response, relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction, development, mitigation, preparedness and prevention
Explain the process of disaster risk reduction

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HAZARD
Phenomenon or situation, which has the potential to cause disruption or damage to people, their property, their services and their environment

There is a

potential for occurrence of an event

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Hazard
A threatening event or the probability of occurrence of a potentially damaging phenomenon (e.g. an earthquake, a cyclonic storm or a large flood) within a given time period and area.

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Disaster
A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
UNISDR-United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

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Disaster A catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any are, arising from natural Or manmade causes, or by accident or Negligence which results in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to, and Destruction of, property, or damage to, and degradation of, environment, and is of such a Nature or magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the community of the affected area.
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Disaster Management A continuous and integrated process of planning, organising, coordinating and implementing Measures which are necessary or expedient for prevention of danger or threat of any disaster: mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences; capacity building, Preparedness to deal with any disaster, prompt Response to any threatening disaster situation Or disaster, assessing the severity or magnitude Of effects of any disaster, evacuation, rescue and Relief, and rehabilitation and reconstruction. 6/80

Disaster Management A collective term encompassing all aspects of planning for preparing and responding to disasters. It refers to the management of the consequences of disasters.
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Disaster Risk Management

A broad range of activities designed to:
Prevent the loss of lives Minimize human suffering Inform the public and authorities of risk Minimize property damage and economic loss Speed up the recovery process
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Disaster risk management - Stress on proactive disaster management responses of prevention, mitigation and preparedness

9 Prevent, reduce, transfer or live with disaster risk 9 Public safety, disaster resilience, sustainable development for all 10/80

High Risk Areas

Geographical areas which fall under seismic zones III, IV, and V, which are vulnerable to potential impact of earthquake, landslide, rock falls or mudflows.

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Mitigation
Measures aimed at reducing the risk, impact or effects of a disaster or threatening disaster situation

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Non structural measures

Non- engineered measures to reduce or avoid possible impacts of hazards such as education, training, capacity development, public awareness, communication etc.

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Resilience
The capacity of a system to tolerate perturbation or disturbances without collapsing into a qualitatively different state, to withstand and rebuild when necessary.

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Risk
The expected number of lives lost, persons injured, damage to property, and disruption of economic activity due to a particular natural phenomenan.

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Risk
The probability that a communitys structure or geographic area is to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of a particular hazard, on account of their nature, construction, and proximity to a hazardous area.
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Risk Assessment
The determination of the nature and extent of risk by analysis potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions of vulnerability that could pose a potential threat or harm to people, property, livelihood and the environment.

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Risk Management
The systematic process of using administrative decisions, organization, operations skills, and capacities to implement policies, strategies and coping capacity of the society and communities to lessen the impact of hazards.

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Concepts of the Risk and its Analysis: The Risk Triangle

Risk is a combination of the interaction of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability, which can be represented by the three sides of a triangle. If any one of these sides increases, the area of the triangle increases, hence the amount of risk also increases. If any one of the sides reduces, the risk reduces. If we can eliminate one side there is no risk.
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RISK

Exposure
It is the state of being physically affected from a hazard

An Equation for Disaster Risk

Hazard

Vulnerability

Disaster Risk

Capacity

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Elements at Risk
Persons, buildings, crops or other such like societal components exposed to known hazard, which are likely to be adversely affected by the impact of the hazard.

Exposed Elements

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Vulnerability
Is a condition or sets of conditions that reduces peoples ability to prepare for, withstand or respond to a hazard
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Vulnerability
The degree of loss to a given element at risk Or set of such elements resulting from the occurrence of a natural phenomenon (or man made) of a given magnitude and expressed on a scale from 0 (no damage) to 1 ( Total loss)

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VULNEARABILITY

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Capacity
Those positive condition or abilities which increase a communitys ability to deal with hazards.
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Disaster Management Cycle

Three stages 1)-Pre- Disaster stage Efforts are made to reduce potential for human, material, or environmental losses caused by hazards and to ensure that these losses are minimised when the disaster actually strikes. Support systems are strengthened. People are trained, and duties assigned periodic drills are organised. There fore, the pre disaster stage can also be termed as the prevention, mitigation and preparedness stage.
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During the Disaster

During the disaster, emphasis is on survival and protection with special arrangements to ensure that the needs of victims are met to alleviate and minimise suffering during the difficult period to the extent possible. In this phase, most of the action lies from within the affected community who are the first responders before outside help arrives. Thus this is the response phase.
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Post Disaster Stage

In the last, post-disaster stage, maximum efforts are made to achieve rapid and durable recovery, which does not reproduce the original vulnerable conditions in affected area. The aim is to bring the affected community back on rails as quickly as possible with improved ability to face disasters so that the development work can resume. This phase can thus be termed as the recovery and development phase.
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Disaster Management Cycle

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Response
Actions taken immediately following the impact of a disaster when exceptional measures are required to meet the basic needs of the survivors.
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Relief
Measures that are required in search and rescue of survivors, as well to meet the basic needs for shelter, water, food and health care.

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Response & Relief

Response and Relief refer to the first stage response to any disaster, which includes setting up control rooms, putting the contingency plan in action, issuing warning, taking action for evacuation i.e. taking people to safer areas, and rendering medical aid simultaneously providing food, drinking water, clothing etc.. to the homeless, restoration of communication , and disbursement of assistance in cash or kind.

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Recovery
The process undertaken by a disaster affected community to fully restore itself to pre-disaster level of functioning.

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Recovery
The recovery stage includes activities that encompass the three overlapping phases of emergency relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction. Emergency relief activity such as immediate relief, rescue, damage assessment, and debris clearance are undertaken during and immediately following a disaster. Taking precautions against spread of diseases is also an important activity during this stage. Rehabilitation includes the provision of camps with temporary public utilities and shelter as interim measures to assist long-term recovery. Reconstruction efforts are made to return communities to improved pre-disaster functioning, which include repair and reconstruction of buildings, infrastructure and lifeline facilities so that long-term development prospects are enhanced.
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Development
The next stage of development process is an ongoing activity which has to be resumed. It deals with long-term prevention/disaster reduction measures. In this regard, construction of embankments against flooding, irrigation facilities as drought proofing measures, land use planning, construction of houses capable of withstanding the onslaught of future disaster are taken up as part of development plans.
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Rehabilitation

Actions taken in the aftermath of a disaster to: assist victims to repair their dwellings; re-establish essential services; revive key economic and social activities
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Reconstruction
Permanent measures to repair or replace damaged dwellings and infrastructure and to set the economy back on course.

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Development
Sustained efforts intended to improve or maintain the social and economic well-being of a community
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Prevention
Thereafter comes the stage of prevention and mitigation which refer to such preventive actions during disaster free period that would lessen the impact if a disaster recurs. Thus, mitigation embraces all measures taken to reduce both the effect of the hazard itself and the vulnerable conditions of the community in order to reduce the adverse impacts of a future disaster. Lastly, the preparedness process embraces measures that enable the government, community and individuals to respond rapidly to disaster situation in order to cope with them effectively. It includes the formulation of viable emergency plans, development of warning systems, maintenance of inventories, mock drills, and training of 39/80 personnel.

Prevention
Measures taken to avert a disaster from occurring, if possible (to impede a hazard so that it does not have any harmful effects).
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Mitigation
Measures taken prior to the impact of a disaster to minimize its effects (sometimes referred to as structural and non-structural measures).
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MITIGATION

Mitigation refers to all actions taken before a disaster to reduce its impacts, including preparedness and long-term risk reduction measures. Mitigation activities fall broadly into two categories:
1 Structural mitigation construction projects which reduce economic and social impacts 2 Non-structural activities policies and practices which raise awareness of hazards or encourage developments to reduce the impact of disasters.

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Four sets of tool to mitigate Disaster

a b c d

Hazard management and vulnerability reduction Economic diversification Political intervention and commitment Public awareness

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Mitigation strategies Two aspects of mitigation include:

1 Hazard identification and vulnerability analysis and 2 Various mitigation strategies or measures.

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Mitigation strategies or measures Adjusting normal development programmes to reduce losses. For instance, varieties of crops that are more wind, flood or drought resistant can often be introduced in areas prone to floods, drought and cyclones. Economic diversification. In areas where the principal or sole source of the income may be threatened, attempts should be made to diversify the economy and introduce the economic activities that are less vulnerable. Diversification is extremely important where economies are dependent on a single cash crop. Developing disaster resistant economic activities. Some economic activities are relatively unaffected by disasters. For instance, situating warehouses in flood plains may be more appropriate than manufacturing plants in the same location. Coconut palms could be more suitable than other fruit trees in cyclone-prone coastal areas. Efforts should be made to identify and encourage the development of 1/80 enterprises that are less vulnerable to the hazards.

Disaster Mitigation and Infrastructure

1Investment in infrastructure to support sustainable socioeconomic development;

2 Investment in infrastructure for reconstruction and recovery.

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Preparedness
Measures taken in anticipation of a disaster to ensure that appropriate and effective actions are taken in the aftermath.

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During the preparedness phase, governments, organizations, and individuals develop plans to save lives, minimize disaster damage, and enhance disaster response operations. Preparedness measures include:

Preparedness plans Emergency exercises/training Warning systems Emergency communications systems Evacuations plans and training Resource inventories Emergency personnel/contact lists Mutual aid agreements Public information/education

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Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)

DRR recommendations for countries : Policy, planning and capacity building in disaster
management

Physical prevention; example, building sea-walls against storm surge or flood shelters during flood events
Capacity building at institutional and systemic level in disaster preparedness

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Conclusion
Clear cut distinction between different terminologies Difference between Preparedness, Mitigation, and Prevention, Difference between Recovery, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Difference between DM and DRM Sharpen our knowledge about different terminologies
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Introduction to Disasters And Their Impacts

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Disasters
Earthquake Floods

Cyclone Forest Fire

Drought Landslide Nuclear Disaster Tsunami

Avalanche

Chemical & Industrial Disaster

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Most of the worlds worst disasters tend to occur between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. Coincidentally, this is the area that is inhabited by the poorer countries of the world.

India is a country highly vulnerable to natural disasters.

With a wide range of topographic and climatic conditions, India is a highly disasterprone country in the Asia-Pacific region. While floods, cyclones, draughts, earthquakes and epidemics are frequent from time to time. Northern mountain regions, including the foothills are prone to snow-storms, land slides and earthquakes. The eastern coastal areas are prone to severe floods and cyclones (Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Orissa, etc.). States like Bihar, Assam and Uttar Pradesh get major floods almost every year. Western desert areas57 are prone to droughts

Disaster Vulnerability in India

59% of land vulnerable to Earthquakes 28% of land vulnerable to Drought 12% of land vulnerable to Floods( 37% in 1998) 8% of land vulnerable to Cyclones Different types of manmade Hazards 1 million houses damaged annually + human, economic, social, other losses

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Disasters defined various ways Basis of degree of physical impact of the event, magnitude, disruptions of public safety, and controllability of event WHO - Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life and deterioration of health and health services PAN American Health Organization defined disaster as an overwhelming ecological disruption W.Nick Carter define it as an event, natural or manmade, sudden or progressive, which impact with such severity that the affected community has to respond by taking exceptional measures
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Oxford dictionary sudden & great misfurturne Big in magnitude/comes without notice Two essential component : Massive scale and suddenness Unexpected happening causing huge loss of life and property
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A sudden event with a variable mixture of four factors: Injury to human beings Destruction of property Overwhelming of local response resources Disruption of organized social mechanisms Claims so many victims discrepancy arises between their number and treatment capacity It a disruption everywhere in life and health, in life processes, human, social and environmental activities Disrupts the total organization and administration of the affected area
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Major Disaster
1. Causing damage to more then 1%

of gross national product 2. Causing death of 100 persons or more at a time and place 3. Affecting more than 1% of the population of an area

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`D of `Disaster denotes :

Disruption Death Damage Destruction Disabilities Difficulties Diversion of resources

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Types of Disaster
Disasters are frequently categorized according to their perceived causes and speed of impact. A.
Natural Disasters Man-made Disasters

B.
Slow on-set Disasters Sudden on-set Disasters
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Disaster Classification
Natural Disaster
Meteorological Storms (Cyclones, hailstorms, hurricanes,
tomadoes, typhoons and snow storms) Cold spells, Heat, Waves, Droughts

Manmade Disaster
Civil disturbances Riots, Explosion & Demonstrations Warfare Conventional Warfare (bombardment, blockage and siege) Non conventional warfare Nuclear, Biological and Chemical warfare (NBC), Guerrilla Warfare including Terrorism Refugees Forced movement of large number of people usually across frontiers Accidents Transportation calamities (land, air and Sea), Collapse of building, dams and other structures, mine disasters, fire, poison gas panic Technological failures (Nuclear power station, leak at a chemical plant, break down of a public sanitation system

Topographical disasters Avalanches, Landslides and Floods Geological disasters Earthquakes, Tsumanis, Volcanic eruptions Biological disasters Insect Swarms (locust) and epidemics of communicable diseases

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Types of Disaster
Water and Climate Related Disasters
Floods, Droughts, Cyclones, Tornadoes, Hurricanes, Cloud burst, Snow Avalanches, Heat & Cold Waves.

Geological Disasters
Earthquakes, Landslides, Mudflows, Sea Erosion,.

Biological Disasters
Biological Disasters, Epidemics, Cattle epidemics.
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. Hydrometeorological
Natural processes or phenomena of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature, which may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation
Hydrometeorological hazards include: floods,

debris and mud floods; tropical cyclones, storm surges, thunder/hailstorms, rain and wind storms, blizzards and other severe storms; drought, desertification, wildland fires, temperature extremes, sand or dust storms; permafrost and snow or ice avalanches.
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Geological
Natural earth processes or phenomena that may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation
Geological hazard includes internal earth

processes or tectonic origin, such as earthquakes, geological fault activity, tsunamis, volcanic activity and emissions as well as external processes such as mass movements: landslides, rockslides, rock falls or avalanches, surfaces collapses, expansive soils and debris or mud flows.
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.Chemical/ Industrial/ Nuclear Disasters

Chemical & Industrial Disasters,

Oil Spill Fires, Mine Fires & Mine Flooding,

Nuclear Disasters

. Accident Related Disasters

Road, Rail and other Transportation accidents including Waterways(Boat Capsizing), Major Building Collapse, Serial Bomb Blasts, Festival related Disasters
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Slow on-set Disasters

Situations in which the ability of people to sustain their livelihood slowly declines to a point where survival is ultimately jeopardized,like drought. Such situations are typically brought on or precipitated by ecological, social, economic or political conditions.
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Sudden on-set Disasters

Sudden calamities caused by natural phenomena such as earthquakes, floods, tropical storms, volcanic eruptions. They strike with little or no warning and have an immediate adverse effect on human population, activities, and economic systems.
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General Effects of Disaster

Loss of Life Injury Damage to and destruction

of property
Damage to infrastructure

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General Effects Damage to livelihood source

National Economic Loss Environmental Damage

Sociological & Psychological

After effects
Community needs emergency shelter, food, clothing, medical, social care,. . ..
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Reasons for large number of disasters

Population Growth

Unplanned /ill - planned Urban Development

Development of exposed areas Deteriorating Environmental conditions

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BUILDING A BETTER FUTURE

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DISASTER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN INDIA

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Paradigm Shift
The national vision is of a paradigm shift, from

erstwhile response- centric, syndrome to a proactive prevention, mitigation and preparedness driven approach to DM.
The paradigm shift from response to

preparedness has enhanced the importance of pre-disaster preparedness measure.

Capacity building of the role players is crucial

for comprehensive disaster management efforts.

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Some Important Achievements

High Powered Committee on Disaster

Management, in August 1999. National Committee on Disaster Management, after Gujarat Earthquake,2001. Working Group on Disaster Management Disaster Management Act -2005 Disaster Management Policy, 2009 Planning Commission : Chapter on Disaster Management: The Development Perspective" in Xth Plan Document
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CENTRAL SECTOR SCHEME FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT - SALIENT FEATURES

Setting up of Disaster Management Authority Setting up of National Centre for Disaster Management / NIDM Setting up of Disaster Management Authorities in States and Districts. Programme for Community Participation and Public Awareness

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Orissa Supercyclone, 1999

National Disaster Management Planning

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Gujarat Earthquake, 2001

Same mistakes repeated again. Lesson learning exercises.

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Tsunami, 2004

Caught unprepared yet again. No plan had ever covered tsunami.

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Where can disaster reduction best begin?

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Thank You Thank You

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