Primary Secondary Continuous

Pre- Treatment Steelmaking Steelmaking Casting

Primary
Steel Making
Development of Oxygen
Steelmaking Process
 Bessemer Process

•Bottom blown acid or bessemer process involves

blowing of air into the molten pig iron in acidic lined
vessel.

•Bottom blown basic pneumatic process using basic

lining and basic flux was patented by Thomas
Gilchrist. Also known as basic bessemer process or
 Open hearth process

•Earlier known as ‘Siemens Martin’s process.

•Works on heat regeneration principle.
•Tap to tap time 8 -10 hrs.
•Can consume higher proportion of scrap.
•Now totally eliminated after introduction of oxygen steel making.
 Present day steelmaking
Basic oxygen furnace Steelmaking
BOF decarburizes the hot metal using pure
oxygen gas.

In the top-blown BOF, pure oxygen is injected

as a high-velocity jet against the surface of the
hot metal, allowing penetration of the impinging
jet to some depth into the metal bath.
Electric arc furnace Steelmaking
Sponge iron and EAF combination is cheaper route
of steel making in lower production capacities.

With the strict environmental concerns all over the

world, Electric furnace steel making has become
more and more acceptable.
Electric arc furnace
•Heating is done by
electric energy.

•Power supplied to
furnace through
electrode

•Electric furnace plays

an important role in
the recovery and
recycling of waste iron
resources.

•Hot metal,
DRI/Sponge iron, pigs
can substitute scrap.
BOF Process and its
variations
Variants of Oxygen Steel
making
Converter Specifications

Converters : 3 Nos

Capacity : 130T

Aspect Ratio : 1.6

Blow time : 16min

Tap to Tap time : 45min

Hot Metal charge :130 - 143 t

Scrap : 10-15 t
Vessel
Support and Suspension
System
Shape of the Vessel

•Specific Volume

•Height Clearances

•Mechanical Limitations
 Bottom Purging System

Benefits

Argon flow rate : 0.1 Nm3/min/T •Improved Yield

•Improved Dephosphorisation
Plugs : 3 /4 /6 Nos •Improved Equilibrium
•Lesser Dissolved Oxygen
Lance Design
Lance Design

Cu Tip welded to concentric pipes

420- 450 Nm3/ min;
6 hole lance; 14deg angle
Water cooled
Life: > 300 heats.

•Deep Decarburisation (0.015%

Benefits

C)
•Low FeO% in Slag
•Higher Yield
•Design ensures high Impact
Energy
 BOF Process / LD process

•LD stands for Linz and Donawitz where process was

born

•Gasesous oxygen is blown vertically into the metal

bath till the required temperature and composition is
simultaneously achieved.
 Oxygen Steelmaking
Process

The converter steelmaking process refines a charge of

hot metal and steel scarp and fluxes into steel of
desired carbon and temperature using high purity
oxygen.

Steel is made in discrete batches called HEATS.

 Blowing process steps

SCRAP HM BLOWING FLUX SAMPLING &

CHARGING CHARGING CHARGING TEMP

TAPPING DESLAGGING

REBLOW

Charge mix depending on grade & thermal potential

Liquid steel Yield : 90.75% average

Tapping temp: 1650 deg C

 Scrap Charging

Scrap acts as
coolant in the
converter.

•Scrap is recycled iron or steel generated within the mill

(slab crop, pit scrap Home scrap etc) or purchased from
out side source

•Scrap is charged using scrap boxes.

•Scrap to hot metal ratio is maintained between 10 – 20%.

 Hot metal charging

Hot metal is charged using hot metal ladles.

Hot metal chemistry, temperature and weight is recorded before pourin

The dust generated at pouring is called KISH is mainly fine flaked graph
which precipitates from carbon saturated metal as its temperature drop
during pouring.