Distance Protection Power Swing

Power Transmission and Distribution

Siemens AG 2006

Power swing: Voltage diagram

Two Machine Problem E1
ZS1
ZL ZS2

LZS1
E2

LZL
UA U'B

LZS2
E2 = E'2 UB

E1

UA

UB

U'A E'1 '

'L

If the angle becomes too large, the system stability can be lost
Page 2 Symmetrical Components Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution

Power swing locus and relay characteristic in the impedance diagram

E1 > E2

ZS2

E1 = E2

B ZL '

R ZLoad

load point

A E1 < E2 ZS1

Page 3

Symmetrical Components

Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution

Dynamic system stability, equal area criterion

U1 ZS1 D ZL U2 ZS2

E1

ZL

E2 PTP =

E1 E2 XT

sin

1 P 0 PT A 1 0 0 1 90 3 3 4 B 2 2

6
1 D 2 D

180

3 D
Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution

Page 4

Symmetrical Components

Power swing locus in the impedance plane

X ZS1

2
ZL 2

4
5

3
0 0

ZS1

Zload

Page 5

Symmetrical Components

Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution

Power swing detection: Classic Method (Not used in 7SA52 and 7SA6)

Classic power swing detection is restricted to slow swings The setting of Z may not be too large to avoid load encroachment (typ. 5 )

During fast swings the time available (t) for detection of impedance vector in the power swing zone is too short.

t = time for transition of Z from outer to inner zone

Page 6

Symmetrical Components

Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution

Advanced Power swing blocking techniques (7SA513, 7SA522, 7SA6)

Novel space vector based principle

Unstable swing
X

Self-setting
Z

Small Z (1 Ohm at In=5 A) Blocking up to high slip frequencies (7 Hz) Recognition of all fault types during swing Remains effective during single pole ARC open time (3-phase set-up)
dZ/dt measurement

Stable swing

Calculation of swing centre and plausibility check (+90O< <-90O)

Page 7

Symmetrical Components

Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution

Power Swing detection: New method

Fault impedance

Power swing
Transition from load to fault is fast

dR(k -n)

Fault entry
dX (k-n) dX (k ) d R(k) Load impedance

Power swing transition is slow

Continuos monitoring of the impedance trajectory Monitoring of trajectory continuity

Page 8

Monitoring of trajectory velocity

Evaluation of trajectory ellipse
Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution

Symmetrical Components

Evaluation of the power swing process

A EA ZA ~ a
Relay
Example:
i/kA 6 3 -3 500 t/ms

Zl ~

ZB ~

EB

0O

Power swing locus(EA>EB)

Slip frequency

-90O Xm 90O

u/kV 200

500

t/ms

180O

Relay

Page 9

Symmetrical Components

Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution

Novel power swing detection provides secure operation with swing frequencies of up to 7 Hz
iL1/A
0 -2 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6

t/s

iL2/A

-4

Example: 400 kV 400 km fPS 2 Hz 3-pole fault

0 -2 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6

t/s t/s

iL3/A
2 0 -2 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6

uL1/V
0 -50 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6

t/s

uL2/V
50 0 -50 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6

t/s

uL3/V
50 0 -50 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6

t/s

Power Swing >DisTel Rec.Ch1 Dis.T.SEND Dis. forward Dis. reverse Relay PICKUP Relay TRIP DisTRIP3p Z1Bmf
0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6

t/s

Page 10

Symmetrical Components

Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution

Fault detection during power swing

I1

I2

V1 Trip

The Power swing passes through the trip characteristic several times.

Single phase fault is detected and cleared.

Page 11

Symmetrical Components

Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution

Three phase fault during Power Swing

I1

V1

V2

V3
Trip

Three phase fault during power swing is detected and cleared Fault inception while swing is inside trip characteristic

Page 12

Symmetrical Components

Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution