Reactive Power, Voltage Control and Voltage Stability Aspects of Wind Integration to the Grid

V. Ajjarapu (vajjarap@iastate.edu ) Iowa State University

Outline
Basic Introduction
Reactive power ; Voltage Stability ; PV curves

FERC Order 661A

Power Factor of +/- 95% at the point of interconnection ; Voltage regulation capability ; Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) capability to prevent tripping of wind turbines during voltage sag events

Reactive Power Capability of DFIG

Voltage levels security assessment and Penetrations

Wind Variability on Voltage Stability Conclusions and Discussion

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IEEE/CIGRE View on Stability 1

Power System Stability
Rotor Angle Stability Voltage Stability

Frequency Stability

Small Disturban ce

Transient Stability

Short Term

Long Term

Large Disturbance

Small Disturbance

Short Term

Start Term - Long Term

1. P. Kundur, J. Paserba, V. Ajjarapu , Andersson, G.; Bose, A.; Canizares, C.; Hatziargyriou, N.; Hill, D.; Stankovic, A.; Taylor, C.; Van Cutsem, T.; Vittal, V Definitions and Classification of Power System Stability IEEE/CIGRE Joint Task Force on Stability Terms and Definitions , IEEE transactions on Power Systems, Volume 19, Issue 3, pp. 1387-1401 August 2004 3

Voltage Stability
It refers to the ability of a power system to maintain steady voltages at all buses in the system after being subjected to a disturbance. Instability may result in the form of a progressive fall or rise of voltages of some buses
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Voltage Stability Cont

Possible outcomes of this instability :
Loss of load in an area Tripping of lines and other elements leading to cascading outages
Loss of synchronism of some generators may result from these outages or from operating condition that violate field current limit

Voltage Stability Cont..

Driving Force for Voltage instability (usually loads):
The power consumed by the loads is restored by
Distribution Voltage regulators Tap-changing transformers Thermostats

A run down situation causing voltage instability occurs when the load dynamics attempt to restore power consumption beyond the capability of the transmission network and the connected generation
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Voltage Stability Cont..

It involves : Small and Large disturbance as well as Short Term and Long Term time scales
Short Term : Involves fast acting load components : induction motors, Electronically controlled loads , HVDC converters
Short circuits near loads are important
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Voltage Stability Cont..

Long Term:
Involves slow acting equipment:
Tap changing transformers Thermostatically controlled loads Generator current limiters

Instability is due to the loss of long-term equilibrium In many cases static analysis can be used For timing of control Quasi-steady-state time domain simulation is recommended
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FERC Order 661A

ZVRT
( Zero Voltage Ride Through) 2008 - present
3 short of 0 V at POI for 0.15s (9 cycles)
(Wind farms installed prior to Dec. 31, 2007 are allowed to trip off line in the case of a fault depressing the voltage at the POI to below 0.15 p.u., or 15 percent of nominal voltage)

PF
0.95

(including dynamic voltage support, if needed for safety and reliability)

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Proposed WECC Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) requirements for all generators1
Most grid codes now require that wind power plants assist the grid in maintain ing or regulatin g the system voltage

1. R. Zavadil, N. Miller, E. Mujadi, E. Cammand B. Kirby, Queuing Up: Interconnecting Wind Generation into The Power System November/December 2007, IEEE Power and Energy 12 Magazine

LVRT requirements of various National Grid Codes2

DS: Distribution Transmission 2. Florin Iov, Anca Daniela Hansen, Poul S rensen, Nicolaos Antonio Cutululis , Mapping of grid faults and grid codes Ris-R-1617(EN), July 2007

TS:

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Summary of ride-through capability for wind turbines2

2. Florin Iov, Anca Daniela Hansen, Poul Srensen, Nicolaos Antonio Cutululis ,Mapping of grid faults and grid codes Ris-R-1617(EN), July 2007 14

In general all generators which are coupled to the network either with inverters or with synchronous generators are capable of providing reactive power ( for Example Doubly Fed Induction Generator) In DFIG real independently and reactive power can be controlled

Rotor Side Converter (RSC)

Grid side converter (GSC)

Grid

Source: http://www.windsimulators.co.uk/DFIG.htm

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Voltage Controller
A voltage controller placed at the Point of Interconnect (POI) measures utility line voltage, compares it to the desired level, and computes the amount of reactive power needed to bring the line voltage back to the specified range .

Monitors POI or remote bus PI control adjusts stator Qref signal from Verror Qmx/n
Qmax = Poutput tan(cos (0.95))

CC (capability curve) FERC 1

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Grid Side Reactive Power Boosting

By default the grid voltage is controlled by the rotor-side converter as long as this is not blocked by the protection device (i.e. crowbar), otherwise the grid side converter takes over the control of the voltage

MVAR

Impact of Grid Side Reactive Boosting with (green) and without ( red ) Control
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Capability curve of a 1.5 MW machine

Rated electrical power Rated generator power Rated stator voltage Rotor to stator turns ratio Machine inertia Rotor inertia Inductance: mutual, stator, rotor Resistance: stator, rotor Number of poles Grid frequency Gearbox ratio Nominal rotor speed Rotor radius Maximum slip range

1.5 MW

1.3 MW

575 V 3 30 kgm2 610000 kgm2 4.7351, 0.1107, 0.1193 p.u. 0.0059, 0.0066 p.u. 3 60 Hz 1:72 16.67 rpm 42 m +/- 30%

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Converter Sizing

Ptot [p.u.]
1 2 3 4 5 6

Qtot [p.u.]
0.80 0.72 0.63 0.49 0.37 0.33

slip [%]
25.26 11.50 1.33 -9.28 -25.14 -25.14

Vrotor [V]
244 108 8 97 254 254

Irotor [A]

Vdc-link [V]
440 195 14 175 460 460

Sconvert [kVA]
258.5 146.2 10.2 125.4 357.9 348.6

0.05 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00

352 449 425 428 468 458

Maximum converter capacity is 28% of machine rating

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Impact of Capability Curve:

a) On System Loss b) On Voltage Stability Margin A Sample Simulation Study
Penetration Level =

Installed Wind Capacity Load

Various Wind Penetration Levels at 15, 20, 25 & 30% are simulated At each penetration level, total wind generation is simulated at 2, 15, 50 & 100% output

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a) Impact of Capability Curve on System Losses

Penetration Level =

Installed Wind Capacity Load

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b) Impact of Capability Curve on Voltage Stability Margin

TM
Transfer Margin

TM =

MWcollapse MWactual MWactual

PVMARGIN MWactual

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Power Transfer Margin at Different Penetration Levels (50 MVAr at 204 and 3008)
Base power transfer without wind is 13.5%
Penetration Level Plant Output

20%

25 %

30%

0% 15.1 33% 17.1 66% 19.5 100% 22.5 19.4 20.6 18.5 15.3 17.1

18.1

13.5

Unstable

Max system penetration possible is 20-25%

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Security Assessment Methodology

Develop peak load base case matrix: % Penetration of peak load (x) % Park output (y) Critical contingencies for case list

n-1 outages

Perform appropriate static analysis (PV) Identify weak buses

Voltage criteria limit

0.90 1.05 V p.u. Max load is 5% below collapse point for cat. B (n-1)

Add shunt compensation

Transfer Margin Limit

Repeat for all % output (y) and % penetration (x)

levels Perform dynamic analysis

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Dynamic Performance Validation

3 short Circuit at Bus 3001 , CCT 140 ms Operation Comparison

FERC +/- 0.95

CC

20% penetration at cut-in speed 20% penetration at 15% output 20% penetration at 100% output

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20% penetration at cut-in speed Cut-in (4 m/s)

Q limits

CC (0.72,-0.92) RPF (0.0, 0.0)

153 voltage RPF control

unable to recover post fault

PEC crowbar protection does not activate reactive injections during fault. Extended reactive capability stabilizes system

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20% penetration at 15% output

Q limits

CC (0.70, -0.90) RPF (0.08, -0.08)

CC control provides enhanced post fault voltage response Reduced V overshoot / ripple Increased reactive consumption at plant 3005

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20% penetration at 100% output

Q limits

CC (0.36, -0.69) RPF (0.34, -0.34)

Near identical reactive injections voltage recovery at bus 153

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Voltage Stability Assessment Incorporating Wind Variability

Electricity generated from wind power can be highly variable with several different timescales hourly, daily, and seasonal periods Increased regulation costs and operating reserves. Wind variations in the small time frame (~seconds) is very small (~0.1%) for a large wind park. [1] Static tools can be used to assess impact of wind variation
[1] Design and operation of power systems with large amounts of wind power , Report available Online : http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/workingpapers/2007/W82.pdf

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Voltage Secure Region of Operation (VSROp)

BUS VOLTAGE

For each PV curve the amount of wind generation is kept constant and the load and generation is increased according to a set loading and generation increase scenario

WIND VARIABILITY 0 W2 W1 W3 POWER TRANSFER

WIND GENERATION

Redispatch strategy for increase or decrease in wind generation.

Methodology Flowchart
The power flow data for the system under consideration.

The assumed level of wind generation in the base case and wind variability that is to be studied.

The redispatch strategy for increase or decrease in wind generation.

Sample Test System

Two locations are chosen for adding wind generation. Each wind unit is of size 800 MW. Two redispatch strategies are chosen Gen 101 and Gen 3011 [ remote to load] (RED) Gen 206 and Gen 211 [ close to load] (GREEN) Base case wind output is 560 MW. Any change in wind power is compensated by redispatch units Determine minimum margin and most restrictive contingency.

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Results: Comparison of Redispatch Strategies at Location 1

Results: Comparison of Redispatch Strategies at Location 2

Large System Implementation

5600 buses with 11 areas constitute the Study area with 2 wind rich regions. Total base case load is 63,600 MW with 6500 MW coming from Wind. With a given set of 50 critical contingencies the minimum power transfer margin possible is 300 MW 3000 MW of wind is varied between 0 to 3000. To compensate for reduced wind additional units are brought online to

VSROP for Large System

Observations
A larger power transfer margin available over the entire range of variability with Capability Curve Leads to higher penetration levels This tool helps determine the wind level at which minimum power transfer margin is obtained. This power level need not be at minimum wind or maximum wind. The tool also provides the most restrictive contingency at each wind level.

Conclusions
As levels of wind penetration continue to increase the responsibility of wind units to adequately substitute conventional machines becomes a critical issue
Recent advancement in wind turbine generator technology provides control of reactive power even when the turbine is not turning. This can provide continuous voltage regulation. A performance benefit , not possible with the conventional machines Wind generators can become distributed reactive sources. Coordination of this reactive power is a challenging task

The FERC order 661-A, gives general guidelines for interconnecting wind parks, but for specific parks employing DFIG units 38 the restriction on power factor can be lifted