PERCEPTION - MEANING

The study of perception is concerned with identifying the processes through which we interpret and organize sensory information to produce our conscious experience of objects and object relationships Robert A. Baron

PERCEPTION - MEANING
Perception is the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us. It involves deciding which information to notice, how to categorize this information, and how to interpret with in the framework of our existing knowledge.

Perception - Meaning
Perception includes all those processes by which an individual receives information about the environment seeing, hearing, Feeling tasting, and smelling.

PERCEPTION

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Perception Vs. Sensation

Sensation is the process whereby simulation of receptor cells (in the eys, ears, nose, mouth, and surface of skin) sends nerve impulses to the brain, whereby register as a touch, a sound, a taste, a splash of colour and so forth. Perception, in contrast, is the process, whereby the brain interprets sensations, giving them order and meaning.

Factors influencing perception

Situational Factors Physical Setting Social Setting Organizational Setting Characteristics of the Perceived

Perceivers Characteristics Needs Experiences Values Attitudes Personality

Individuals Perception

Nature Size Appearances Location

Factor - Nature
Pictures attract the attention more readily than the words Pictures of human beings attracts attention than the immaterial objects.

Facor Location
Visual simulation for attracting attention by the eyes. The location should be in centre of the page; in a news paper upper potion and left hand side

Factor - Colour
Colour of cameras usually black 0r metallic Sport items Bright (primary colours) Cars Variety of colours Tooth paste limited range of colours but not black

Factor Size & Contrast

Larger objects attract more attention. Maintenance engineers pay much attention to large machines rather than smaller ones. Contrast: Background of the objects causes different perception of the objects.

Contrast

Factor - Movement
Moving objects attract much attention than the object at stationary. Advertisers catch this principle and apply in their advertisements.

Factor- Repetition
Repeated advertisements get attention and remembers by the people. Therefore, supervisors need to give guidelines over and over even for a simple tasks.

INTERNAL FACTORS- LEARNING

People tend to perceive what they want to perceive

INTERNAL FACTORSPsychological Needs

Needs influence perceptions. Hungry man has been shown pictures to describe. He looks at the eatables.

Internal Factor Age Differences

Young Vs. Old guards

Internal Factor Interest

A person may pass a building in his street may a times, he may not see its details if he doesn't has interest in it.

Ambivalence or mixed feeling

Young man wants to have a beautiful, charming woman to be his fiance she had certain negative qualities, He wants to show his friends that his success in love with a beautiful girl.

PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION

Perceptual Organization is the process by which people group stimuli into recognizable patterns. This is how the human mind assembles, organizes, and categorizes information.

Perceptual organization

Ambiguous Figures
Confusing and disorganized figures

Ambiguous figures

Ambiguous figures

Background of the figures

Ambiguous figures

Perceptual Grouping

Similarity Proximity Closure Continuity Area

Similarity
- - - - - - +++++++ - - - - - - +++++++ - - - - - - 5 Rows and 7 Columns appears /perceived as 5 columns and 7 rows

Continuity
Perceives objects as in continuous patterns. In forecasting mangers may think continuity of events or trends in future.

Proximity
People near to each other forms a group and takes responsibility for its success. .

Closure
A persons tendency to perceive a whole when none exists. A manger may perceive a whole thing even though some information is missing.

Area

PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY
Ability to perceive certain characteristics of an object as remaining constant, despite variations in the stimuli that provide us with conflicting information. Shape constancy: Object is viewed as the same from the view point of top /bottom / sides.

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Shape consistancy

Size Consistency
Though an object seen from distance, one may not perceive size differences. Ex. Football Player, Opposition person moving from a distance.

Colour Consistancy
Perceive same colour in different conditions. Owner of blue colour car as blue even in bright sunlight, dim illumination or under yellow street light.

Process of interpreting
Perceptual set: Previously held beliefs influence on individuals perception, manager's mindset believing his subordinates are lazy. Attribution: Assign causes to the behaviour as he conceive .

Process of interpretation -2
Stereotyping: Assign attributes to some one solely on the basis of a category of people to which that person belongs Ex> Woman, Doctor, Professor, Artists, Software Engineer, Executive, Workers, Americans, Indians, Chinese, etc

Process of interpretation -3
Halo Effect: Perceiving people in terms of good or bad and attributing all good qualities to whom we liked and attribute all bad qualities to who we disliked. Ex: Professor awarding higher marks to well-liked student.

Halo effect -2
Halo effect need not always overrating positive characteristics. An individual may be down rated on the negative evaluation of his/her behaviour. This is called RUSTY HALO OR HORNS EFFECT. While evaulating a subordinate, superior likes him/her in one dimension and presume that he/she is good in other dimensions also. It may result in lack of accuracy and quality of the resulting evaluation.

Halo effect -3
Halo effect demonstration Characteristic -1 Low Characteristic -2 Low Characteristic -3 Low Low

High High

High

Process of interpretation
Perceptual context: The context in which an object is placed influence perception. The organizational culture and structure provide the primary context in which workers and managers do their perceiving. Verbal order, memo, new policy suggestion, raised eyebrows, etc have special meanings in various contexts.

Process of interpretaion
Perceptual Defense: An individual is likely to put up a defense when confronted with conflicting, unacceptable, or threatening stimuli. Four forms of defense: A) Outright Denial B) Modification of Data received C) Change in perception but refusal to change D) Change in perception itself.

Four forms of Defense

Out right denial: Denial of statement that workers could be intelligent; Modification of data received: A statement that workers may be intelligent but they lack initiation.

Four forms of Defense

Change in perception but refusal to change: A statement that workers may be intelligent but not too intelligent Change in perception itself A statement that workers were really intelligent

Process of interpretation
Implicit personality: Perceptions are influenced by his beliefs that certain human traits are associated with one another. Ex: all industrious people are honest Projection: In certain conditions people tend to see in another person traits that they themselves possess. Ex: An honest person sees that other person is also honest.

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