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| = =
( )
1 1 1
1 1
2 ; cos
h
V r
r V
| = + =
Designing a lunar mission
Finally, the phase angle at arrival can be
determined from the geometry:
The time of flight t1 t0, from injection to arrival
at the lunar sphere of influence can be computed
once u0 and u1 are determined. Before the true
anomalies can be found we must determine a and
e of the geocentric trajectory from
1 1
1
sin sin
S
R
r
=
2
; ; 1
2
h
p a e p a
= = =
Designing a lunar mission
Then u0 and u1 follow from the polar equation of
a conic:
After determining the eccentric anomalies, the
time of flight can be obtained from
(5) Then define inside the sphere of influence
at the arrival point. The radius (r2) is the radius of
the sphere of influence, ie. 66,183 km.
0 1
0 1
1 1
cos ; cos
p p
r e e r e e
u u = =
( ) ( )
3
1 0 1 1 0 0
sin sin
a
t t E e E E e E
= (
2 2
, V |
Designing a lunar mission
(6) Given r2, inside the sphere of influence,
define the arrival point.
(7) If the arrival point is satisfactory, find the launch
day using the time of flight calculated earlier and
average orbital velocity.
(8) If the arrival point is not satisfactory, adjust the
initial conditions and start over at beginning.
2 2
, V |
Lunar patched conic Example
Assume the lunar orbit is circular with radius
384,400 km and is coplanar with the transfer
ellipse. Define a lunar trajectory with the following
initial conditions:
Injection at perigee = 0
Injection radius = 6700 km
Injection velocity = 10.88 km/s
Arrival angle 1 = 60 deg
0
r
0
V
0
|
Lunar patched conic Example
The specific energy and the specific momentum
on the transfer ellipse are
and
( )
( )( ) ( )
2
0
0 0 0
0
2
2 2 3
cos
2
10.88
398600.4418
6700 10.88 cos 0
2 6700
0.3054 72896
V
h r V
r
km s km s
| = =
= =
= =
( )
( )
( )( )
2
2
398600.4418
652587.5
2 2 0.3054
72896
1 1 0.98973
398600.4418 652587.5
a km
h
e
a
= = =
= = =
Lunar patched conic Example
Defining arrival conditions (intersection with SOI)
Using trigonometry cosine law, and
phase angle at arrival can be found as,
With these values, the following parameters can be
calculated:
Time of flight,
1
355953 r km =
1
9.266deg. =
1
1
1
1 0
1.276
80.764deg
166.45deg
49
V km s
t t hours
|
u
=
=
=
=
Lunar patched conic Example
The Moon moves through an angle
between injection and arrival at the lunar sphere of
influence, where is the angular velocity of the
Moon in its orbit . Based on the Simplified model of
the Earth-Moon system,
The phase angle at departure is then determined
from
( )
1 0 m
t t e
m
e
6
2.649 10 / sec
m
rad e
=
( )
0 1 0 1 1 0 m
t t u u e =
Reference(s)
Roger R. Bate, Donald D. Mueller, Jerry E. White,
Fundamentals of Astrodynamics, Dover Publications, 1971.
Charles D. Brown, Elements of Spacecraft Design, AIAA
Publications, 2002.