TRANSFORMERS

Reference : http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/images/transformer2.jpg

HISTORY
1831 Michael Faraday invented the Induction Ring. 1881 Lucien Gaulard and John Gibbs exhibited a device called secondary generator. 1885 William Stanley developed the fist commercially used practical device while working for Westinghouse Electric Company in US.

INDUCTION THEORY

Reference: http://www.tpub.com/doeelecscience/electrical%20science2_files/image1053.jpg

TRANSFORMER MODELS
Ideal Transformer
ip(t) + Vp(t) Vs(t) Np Ns is(t) +

Np = No of windings on the primary ip = Current into the primary Vp = Voltage across the primary

Ns = No of windings on the secondary is = Current out from the secondary Vs = Voltage across the secondary

Primary and Secondary Relationship

VP = NP = a = iS VS NS iP Note; a < 1 = Step up transformer a > 1 = Step down transformer

Voltage and current angles are NOT affected hence, P = S =

LOSSES
Transformers have losses and these losses must come into consideration.
Copper losses (I^2 R) Leakage Flux losses Core losses
Eddy

currents

Hysteresis

losses

REAL TRANSFORMER LOSSES

ip(t) Rp Lp Ls is(t) Rs

Vp(t)

Rc

jXm

Np

Ns

Vs(t)

Copper losses (I^2 R) Leakage Flux losses Core losses

Eddy

currents Hysteresis losses

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Leqp Is/a Reqp

Vp

Rc

jXm

aVs

Approximate Transformer Model referred to the primary side

TYPES
Auto-Transformer
Used to change a desirable voltage by only a small amount. For example: 120/132 V IH VSE
+ +

ISE NSE VH NC
-

IL

VL
-

TYPES
Three Phase Transformers
Three phase transformers can be constructed in two different ways i.e. :1. A three phase bank consists of three single phase transformers. 2. Three windings wrapped around a common core.

Reference : Electric Machinery and Power System Fundamentals, Stephen J. Chapman

THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

Delta wye ( Y)

Delta delta ( )

Wye delta (Y- )

Wye wye (Y Y)

Reference : Electric Machinery and Power System Fundamentals, Stephen J. Chapman

TYPES

Two types of special purpose transformers used in power systems for taking measurements.
Potential Transformer Current Transformer

Reference : Electric Machinery and Power System Fundamentals, Stephen J. Chapman

EFFICIENCY
Efficiency () is the ratio of the power out to the power in of a transformer.
in an Ideal transformer, no power losses
PIN = VPIP cos P POUT = VSIS cos S PIN = POUT = VPIP cos P = VSIS cos S SOUT = SIN = VPIP = VSIS

Ideal = 100%

Efficiency for a single phase real transformer

As mentioned previously, losses occur in a real transformer and these losses must be taken into count. Hence, Real = POUT x 100% PIN = POUT x 100% POUT + PLOSS = VSIS cos S_________ VSIS cos S + i2R + (VP/a)2 RC

VOLTAGE REGULATION
Voltage regulation (VR) is the ability of a system to provide near constant voltage over a wide range of load conditions. Also it compares the VO at no load to VO at full load.

An Ideal transformer has a voltage regulation, VR = 0%

Reference : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulation