Cell Size

Cell
Most Cells Size range

S-to-V ratio decreases as size increases

How big is 1-10 m??

PROKARYOTES

Light Microscopy

Electron Microscopy

Cell Fractionation

All cells have:

Plasma membrane

Selective barrier Controls movement of nutrients & wastes Cytosol Organelles & molecules

Cytoplasm

Chromosomes DNA (genes) RNA Proteins Proteins- workers of the cell Ribosomes

Protein synthesis

Prokaryote

Eukaryote

No nucleus 1-10 m
None

Nucleus 10-100 m
Membrane-bound organelles Protists, Plants, Fungi & Animals

Bacteria & Archaea

Special Prokaryote cell features

fimbriae

nucleoid cell wall capsule

flagella

Escherichia coli

DNA of nucleoid unraveled

Cell Wall

Achilles Heel of Bacteria

Alexander Fleming Penicillin from bread mold

Ribosome

Another Achilles Heel of Bacteria

Selman Waksman Streptomycin, soil fungus

CAUTION

Antibiotics have no effect on virus Overuse of antibiotics can lead to resistant bacteria

What is a virus??

Coat plus genetic material (DNA or RNA) No metabolism independent of host cell Many human pathogens

Cold / Flu Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Measels, Mumps, Chickenpox Arboviruses

Computer virus

Flagellum
Flagella (pl.) Movement

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The Eukaryotic Cell

Membrane

bound organelles

work spaces work surface

Symbiotic

residents

Mitochondria Chloroplasts

Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Pores allow movement of mRNA and ribosomes into ER

Nucleolus
Region for ribosome assembly

Chromatin
Diffuse form of chromosome Site of transcription

Endomembrane System
Endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth- lipid & carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification Rough- synthesis of proteins

Golgi apparatus
Manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, shipping

Transport vesicles
Carry cell products

Lysosomes

Contain hydrolytic enzymes Intracellular digestion

Food vacuoles Recycled cell parts

Programmed cell destruction (apoptosis)

Vacuoles

Membrane sac holding

Food Wastes Poisons Pigments

vacuole

Plant cells have large central vacuole

Mitochondrion

Burn cell fuel

make ATP Require O2 Divide independently Have own DNA, ribosomes

Endosymbionts

Found in all eukaryotes

Chloroplast

Convert light to cell fuel

Photosynthesis Contain chlorophyll Divide independently of cell Have own DNA, ribosomes

Endosymbionts

Found in plants & algae

Peroxisome
Break down molecules (fatty acids, alcohol) producing Hydrogen peroxide (toxic!) Converts H2O2 to water

CytoskeletonStructure & Movement

Microtubule

Microfilament

Intermediate filament

Microtubules
Grow

from centrosomes

Organize cell division (mitotic spindle) Centrioles- in centrosome of animal cells

Microtubules

Vesicle transport

Flagella few per cell long snake-like Cilia many per cell short oar-like

Cilia & Flagella 9+2

Cilia & Flagella

Movement of cell

Sperm cell Ciliates (Protists)

Movement of environment

Feeding by sponges Lining of wind-pipe

Microfilaments

Actin Myosin

Cell Wall
Plants,

Fungi & Protists Support & Protection

Extracellular matrix
Animals Cell-to-cell communication

Plant Cell Junctions

Cell walls Interior of cell

Interior of cell 0.5 m Plasmodesmata Plasma membranes

Tight junctions prevent fluid from moving across a layer of cells

Tight junction
Intermediate filaments Desmosome

Animal Cell Junctions

Plasma membranes of adjacent cells

Gap junction Ions or small molecules Space between cells

Extracellular matrix 37

Bioflix Review
Tour of Animal Cell Tour of Plant Cell