QUADRATIC FUNCTION

LEARNING OUTCOMES : recognize a quadratic function

express a quadratic function in the factorized and completed square form

find the maximum or minimum value of the quadratic function f : x ax2 + bx + c by any method sketch the graph of a quadratic function

determine the range for a given domain

1. 2.

A quadratic function is of the form : f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b and c are constants and a 0 Graph of a Quadratic Function The graph of a quadratic function is a curve called a parabola. If a 0, parabola has a minimum point. If a < 0, parabola has a maximum point. A parabola has an axis of symmetry that passes through the minimum/ maximum point

3.Maximum and Minimum Values of Quadratic Functions Note : For a quadratic function expressed in the completed square form, i.e ax2 + bx + c = a(x + p)2 + q

minimum/maximum value = q, at x = -p
OR : minimum/maximum point = (-p. q)

Eg. State the minimum/maximum value of the following quadratic functions, expressed in completed square form and the value of x when this occurs. a) (x + 3)2 - 5 b) 3(x 2)2 + 1 c) 1 (2x 1)2

Eg. By completing the square, state the min/max value of the following quadratic functions, and the corresponding value of x a) f(x) = x2 6x + 1 b) y = 4x 1 2x2

4.Sketching Graphs of Quadratic Functions

Eg. Express x2 3x + 5 in the form (x p)2 + q, where a, p and q are constants. Hence state the minimum value of the function and the corresponding value of x. Sketch the graph of the function.

Eg. Express y = 15 4x 3x2 in the form a b(x + c)2, where a, b and c are constants. Hence, state the maximum value of y and the corresponding value of x. Sketch the curve y = 15 4x 3x2

Eg. By using factorisation, sketch the graph of y = x2 - 3x - 4, indicating the coordinates of the turning point and the x and y-intercepts.

5. Range and Domain of a Quadratic Function Eg. (i) Sketch the graph of y = x2 2x 3, for the domain -2 x 5

(ii) Hence state the range of y = x2 2x 3, for the domain -2 x 5

Eg Sketch the graph of the function f(x) = 3 5x 2x2 and state the range for real values of x.

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

LEARNING OUTCOMES to solve a quadratic equation by factorization, completing the square and by using the formula to distinguish between the different types of roots of a quadratic equation to solve intersection problems between a line and a curve

1. SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

2. TYPES OF ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION

If b2 4ac = 0, roots are real and equal If b2 4ac > 0, roots are real and distinct If b2 4ac < 0, roots are imaginary(or complex) Note : b2 4ac is also known as the discriminant because it discriminates between the types of roots

Eg.

Eg.

Eg.

3. INTERSECTION PROBLEMS BETWEEN LINE AND CURVE Eg.

4. SOLVING QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES

Eg. Solve 3x2 2x -1 0

Method 1 : By graph sketching 3x2 2x 1 0 (3x + 1)(x 1) 0 Critical values are x = -1/3 and 1 From the graph, -1/3 x 1 Method 2 : Number line This method uses the signs of the two factors (3x + 1) and (x 1) to find the sign of the product (3x + 1)(x 1)

Eg.

Eg.

Eg. Find the set of values of m for which the line y = mx 1 does not intersect the curve y = x2 2x + 3.