FORM 3 SCIENCE

CHAPTER 3: MATTER

3.1 WHAT IS MATTER?

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Water, air and soil are matter. Living things such as plants and animals are matter.

3.1 WHAT IS MATTER?

3.2 THE STATES OF MATTER

The three states of matter are solid, liquid and gas. We can change the state of matter from one to another by heating or cooling it. When we cool water, it turns to ice. When we heat water, it becomes steam.
When cooled

When heated

3.2 THE STATES OF MATTER

The kinetic theory of matter states that matter consists of tiny and discrete particles. The way these particles are arranged determines the state of matter.

3.2 THE STATES OF MATTER

Experiment: Showing that matter is made up of particles Procedure: 1. Pour about 100 ml of water into a beaker. 2. Put a few crystals of copper (II) sulphate into the water. Stir the water with a glass rod. 3. Look at the copper (II) sulphate solution with a magnifying glass.

3.2 THE STATES OF MATTER

4. Add another 50 ml of water into the beaker. Look at what happens to the colour of the solution. 5. Repeat step 4 and record your observations.

Copper (II) sulphate is made up of particles

3.2 THE STATES OF MATTER

When the copper (II) sulphate crystals were put into the water and stirred, they dissolved in the water. The copper (II) sulphate particles in the water made the water appear blue. When more water was added, the blue colour became lighter. This was because the copper (II) sulphate particles moved further apart when the solution was diluted with water.

3.2 THE STATES OF MATTER

Experiment: Showing the arrangement of particles in the three states of matter Procedure: 1. Prepare the apparatus as shown in Figure 1. After a few days, look at the colour of the gel.

3.2 THE STATES OF MATTER

2. Use a glass tube to put a crystal of potassium permanganate into the test tube. This is shown in Figure 2. After 20 minutes, look at the colour of the water in the test tube. 3, Fill a gas jar with smoke. 4. Invert another gas jar over the first. This is shown in Figure 3. Observe what happens to the smoke.

3.2 THE STATES OF MATTER

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

3.2 THE STATES OF MATTER

Experiment: Showing the movement of smoke particles

The movement of smoke particles can be seen through a microscope

3.2 THE STATES OF MATTER

Procedure: 1. A bit of the smoke will be collected by your teacher using a dropper. 2. The smoke is put into a smoke cell. Cover the smoke cell. 3. The smoke cell is placed under the microscope (refer to Figure above). 4. Switch on the light in the smoke cell. Look at the movement of the smoke particles through the microscope.

3.2 THE STATES OF MATTER

The smoke cell contains smoke particles and air particles mixed together. The air particles are constantly moving and colliding with the smoke particles. The smoke particles do not move in a specific direction. They move at random in