How do we find Area under a curve ?

If a function f is continuous and f(x) 0 on

[a,b], then the area of the region under the
graph of f from a to b is;
Integrate f continuously
from x = a to x = b
( )
}
=
b
a
dx x f A AREA,
a b
Solution
Find the area of the region bounded by the
curve and x-axis for x in [0, 4]. 1
2
+ = x y
( )
2
4
0
3
4
0
2
unit
3
76
0 4
3
64
3
1 Area
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
(

+ =
+ =
}
x
x
dx x
Solution
Calculate the area between and the
x-axis from x = -1 to x = 2.
2
7 x y =
Step 1:
Step 2:
We sketch the region under the curve & bounded
by the x axis.
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
3 3
2
1
3
2
1
2
unit 18
3
20
3
34
3
1
7
3
8
14
3
1
1 7
3
2
2 7
3
7
7
= |
.
|

\
|
=
(

+
(

=
(
(

(
(

=
(

=
=

}
x
x
dx x A
Solution
Determine the area of the shaded region.
3 4
2
+ = x x y
a.
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
| |
2
2
3
2
3
3
1
2
3
3
1
2
unit
3
4
3
4
0
3 2
3
1
9 18 9
1 3 1 2
3
1
3 3 3 2
3
3
3 2
3
3 4
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
(

+ + =
(
(

+
(
(

+ =
(

+ =
+ =
}
x x
x
dx x x A
Solution
Determine the area of the shaded region.
b.
5 6 5
2 3
+ + = x x x y
c.
x
y
1
=
d.
x y =
Area of region below x axis ?
If the area of the region is below the x
axis then;
Area is always
positive.
}
=
b
a
dx x f A Area ) ( ,
Example:
Find the area of the
region bounded by
the curve y = -x
and x-axis for x in
[0, 4].

2
4
0
2
4
0
4
0
unit 8
0
2
16
2
x
dx x
dx x - Area
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
(

=
=
=
}
}
Solution
Find the area of the region bounded by the
curve and x-axis for x in [-1, 0].
2
0
1 -
4
0
1 -
3
unit
4
1
4
1
4
x
dx x Area
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
(

=
=
}
0
3
x y =
How do we find Area between 2 curves ?
If f & g are continuous and f(x) g(x) for
every x in [a, b] then the area of the region
bounded by the graphs of f & g from a to b
is;
( ) ( )
}
=
b
a
dx x g x f A AREA,
How do we find Area between 2 curves ?
If f & g are continuous and f(y) g(y) for
every y in [c, d] then the area of the region
bounded by the graphs of f & g from c to d
is;
( ) ( )
}
=
d
c
dy y g y f A AREA,
Solution
1. Calculate the area bounded by the
graphs
2
7 and 2 x y x y = =
Step 1:
Step 2:
Determine the intersection
points.
y = x
2
- 4
y = 2 - x
( )( )
3 and 2
0 3 2
0 6
2 4
2
2
= =
= +
= +
=
x x
x x
x x
x x
Identify the upper boundary
& lower boundary functions.
( ) | |
}

=
2
3
2
4 2 dx x x A
( ) | |
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
3 2 3 2
2
3
3 2
2
3
2
2
3
2
unit
6
125
2
27
3
22
3
3
2
3
3 6
3
2
2
2
2 6
3 2
6
6
4 2
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
(
(

(
(

=
(

=
=
=

}
}
x x
x
dx x x
dx x x A
Solution
1. Calculate the area bounded by the
graphs
2
7 and 2 x y x y = =
Step 3:
y = x
2
- 4
y = 2 - x
Integrate the area formula.
Solution
2. Calculate the area bounded by the
graphs of
. 3 0 for 8 and
2 2
s s = = x x y x y
Step 1:
Step 2:
There are 2 different area
with different intersection
points.
Identify the upper
boundary & lower
boundary functions.
2
8 x y =
2
x y =
A
B
Step 3:
The area formula;
( ) ( ) dx x x dx x x
B A
} }
+ =
+ =
3
2
2 2
2
0
2 2
8 8
Area
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
3 3 3
3
2
3
2
0
3
3
2
2
2
0
2
3
2
2 2
2
0
2 2
unit
3
46
3
32
6
3
32
2 8
3
2 2
3 8
3
3 2
0
3
2 2
2 8
8
3
2
3
2
8
8 2 2 8
8 8
Area
=
(

+ + =
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
(
(

=
(

+
(

=
+ =
+ =
+ =
} }
} }
x
x x
x
dx x dx x
dx x x dx x x
B A
Solution
2. Calculate the area bounded by the
graphs of
. 3 0 for 8 and
2 2
s s = = x x y x y
2
8 x y =
2
x y =
A
B
Step 3:
The area formula;
Solution
3. Evaluate each of the following area
bounded by the given curves.
Step 1:
Step 2:
intersection
points:
The area
formula:
3 2
2
+ + = x x y
4 2 + = x y
( )( )
1 ; 1
0 1 1
0 1
4 2 3 2
2
2
= =
= +
=
+ = + +
x x
x x
x
x x x
( )
2
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
2
unit
3
4
3
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
3 2 4 2
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
=
(

=
=
+ + + =

}
}
x
x
dx x
dx x x x A
a.
Solution
3. Evaluate each of the following area
bounded by the given curves.
Step 1:
Step 2:
intersection
points:
The area
formula:
b.
x y =
x y =
Solution
3. Evaluate each of the following area
bounded by the given curves.
Step 1:
Step 2:
intersection
points:
The area
formula:
c.
16 4 + = x y
10 2
2
+ = x y
Solution
3. Evaluate each of the following area
bounded by the given curves.
Step 1:
Step 2:
intersection
points:
The area
formula:
f.
1
2
= x y
2
7 x y =
How to determine a volume of solid ?
The volume of a solid of known
integrable cross sectional area A(x) from
a to b is;
( )
}
=
b
a
dx x A V VOLUME,
What is a solid of revolution ?
When the region is revolved about x axis / y
axis, it is said to generate a solid of
revolution.
Rotation with respect to the x axis:
( ) | |
}
=
b
a
dx x f V
2
t
360
0

What is a solid of revolution ?
When the region is revolved about x axis / y
axis, it is said to generate a solid of
revolution.
Rotation with respect to the y axis:
( ) | |
}
=
d
c
dy y f V
2
t
360
Solution
a) Calculate the volume obtained by rotating
the region enclosed by the curve on
the interval [0, 1], through 360 about x
axis & y axis.
About x axis :
x y =
x y =
( )
( )
3
1
0
2
1
0
2
1
0
2
unit
2
1
2
1
2
t
t t
t
=
(
(

=
(

=
=
}
x
dx x V
Solution
a) Calculate the volume obtained by rotating
the region enclosed by the curve on
the interval [0, 1], through 360 about x
axis & y axis.
About y axis :
x y =
( )
3
5
1
0
5
1
0
2
2
unit
5
1
5
1
5
t
t t
t
=
(

=
(

=
=
}
y
dx y V
Step 1:
Solve for x;
When x = 1; y = 1:
2
y x
y x
=
=
Step 2:
Solution
Evaluate each of the following:
About x axis :
axis. - x the about 2] [0, interval the on 1 curve the under
region the revolving by formed solid the of Volume a.
2
+ = x y
( )
( )
3
3
5
2
0
3 5
2
0
2 4
2
0
2
2
unit
15
206
2
3
16
5
32
0 2
3
2 2
5
2
3
2
5
1 2
1
t
t
t
t
t
t
=
(

+ + =

(
(

+ + =
(

+ + =
+ + =
+ =
}
}
x
x x
dx x x
dx x V
Solution
Evaluate each of the following:
About x axis :
axis. - x the about 3] [0, interval the on 3 curve the under
region the revolving by formed solid the of Volume b.
x y =
axis. - x the about 2] [0, interval the on 8 curve the under
region the revolving by formed solid the of Volume c.
2
x y =
axis. - x the about 2] [0, interval the on 1 curve the under
region the revolving by formed solid the of Volume d.
2
x y =
What is a solid of revolution ?
The Washer Method:
Rotation about the x axis / y axis :









Outer
radius f(x)

Inner
radius
g(x)
360
0

Outer
radius
f(y)

Inner
radius
g(y)
( ) | | ( ) | | ( )
}
=
d
c
dy y g y f V
2 2
t ( ) | | ( ) | | ( )
}
=
b
a
dx x g x f V
2 2
t
Solution
b) Calculate the volume obtained by rotating
the region enclosed by the curve and
the line y = x through 360 about x axis &
y axis.
About x axis :
2
x y =
y =x
2

y =x
( )
1 ; 0
0 1
0
2
2
= =
=
=
=
x x
x x
x x
x x
Step 1:
Step 2:
Determine the
intersection points.
Identify the inner
radius & outer radius.
x y
x y
=
=
: Outer
: Inner
2
Solution
b) Calculate the volume obtained by rotating
the region enclosed by the curve and
the line y = x through 360 about x axis &
y axis.
About x axis :
2
x y =
y =x
2

y =x
Step 2: The volume:
( ) ( )
3
1
0
5 3
1
0
4 2
1
0
2
2 2
unit
15
2
5
1
3
1
5 3
t
t t
t
t
=
(

=
(

=
=
(

=
}
}
x x
dx x x
dx x x V
Solution
Calculate the volume of the solid formed by
revolving the given region about prescribed axis.
About x axis :
axis. - x the about
4
and curves the by bounded region The a.
x
y x y = =
Step 1:
Step 2:
Sketch the graph &
region.
Intersection point:
x y =
4
x
y =
( )
16 ; 0
0 16
0 16
16 4
2
2
= =
=
=
= =
x x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
( )
( )
( ) ( )
3
3 2
16
0
3 2
16
0
2
16
0
2
2
unit
3
128
48
4096
128
48
16
2
16
3 16 2
16
4
t
t t
t
t
t
=
(

=
(
(

=
(

=
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
}
}
x x
dx
x
x
dx
x
x V
Solution
Calculate the volume of the solid formed by
revolving the given region about prescribed axis.
About x axis :
axis. - x the about
4
and curves the by bounded region The a.
x
y x y = =
x y =
4
x
y =
Step 3:
Solution
Calculate the volume of the solid formed by
revolving the given region about prescribed axis.
About x axis :
axis. - x the about 8 and 2 curves the by bounded region The b.
2
+ = + = x y x y
Step 1:
Step 2:
Sketch the graph &
region.
Intersection point:
Step 3:
The volume: