Presented to:

Ms. ZUBIA SARFRAZ

Presented By:

SAJEEL ZAMAN DANISH JAVED BS (BA) II

Deviance is any behavior that violates cultural norms.

Deviance is often divided into two types of deviant activities.

The first, Crime is the violation of formally enacted laws and is referred to as formal deviance.
The second type of deviant behavior refers to violations of informal social norms, norms that have not been codified into law, and is referred to as informal deviance.

Deviance is behavior that some people in society find offensive and which excites, or would excite, if it were discovered, disapproval, punishment, condemnation, or hostility. Deviance is behavior that is likely to get you into trouble. Deviant behavior is outside the bounds of the group or society. (Goode, 1997) Many times during a day we disagree with people, but we don't usually label those we disagree with as deviant. Deviance is not simply behavior. It involves a moral judgment. Deviance involves a judgment made by somebody. Actually, any act can be defined as deviant (See Henslin, 1999)

DEVIANCE AS A VIOLATION OF NORMS

NORMS:

Norms are specific behavioral standards, ways in which people are supposed to act. Norms are rules of conduct, not neutral or universal, but ever changing; shifting as society shifts. VIOLATION OF NORMS: Deviance can be described as a violation of these norms. Norms vary widely across cultures, behavior which is polite or expected in one culture may be considered rude or inappropriate in another.

DEVIANCE AS REACTIVE CONSTRUCTION

Deviance can be observed by the negative social

reaction of others towards these phenomena. Criminal behaviors, such as theft, can be deviant, but other crimes attract little or no social reaction, and cannot be considered deviant. (e.g., violating copyright laws.) Deviance is relative to time and place because what is considered deviant in one social context may be nondeviant in another. (e.g., fighting during a hockey game vs. fighting in a nursing home).

There are four types of deviance behavior stated below;

Falsely Accusing:

One is falsely accusing an individual, which falls under others perceiving you to be obtaining obedient or deviant behaviors.
Pure Deviance:

Which falls under perceiving one to participate in deviant and rule-breaking behavior, is also apart of the four types of deviant behaviors listed above.

 Conforming:

Which falls under not being perceived as deviant, but merely participating in the social norms that are distributed within societies, can also be placed into the category with pure deviance and falsely accused.
Secret Deviance:

When the individual is not perceived as deviant or participating in any rule-breaking behaviors.

THE NATURE OF DEVIANCE

Social Properties of Deviance:
Deviance is not a property inherent in certain forms of behavior; it is a property conferred upon particular behaviors by social definitions. Most societies can absorb a good deal of deviance without serious consequences, but persistent and widespread deviance can be dysfunctional. But deviance may also be functional by promoting social solidarity, clarifying norms, strengthening group allegiances, and providing a catalyst for change.

 Social Control and Deviance:

Societies seek to ensure that their members conform to basic norms by means of social control. Three main types of social control processes operate within social life: (1) Those that lead us to internalize our society's normative expectations (internalization), (2) Those that structure our world of social experience, (3) Those that employ various formal and informal social sanctions.

In understanding deviance, it should be traced that, social reactions to particular acts, attributes or beliefs can be positive or negative shows that is inherently deviant. Following are the main sociological classes describing deviant behaviors;

1.
2. 3.

4.
5.

Labeling Theory Symbolic-Interactionist Theory Differential Association Theory Neutralization Theory Conflict Theory

 Labeling Theory:
Frank Tannenbaum and Howard S. Becker created and developed Labeling theory. Becker said that social groups create deviance by making the rules whose violation constitutes deviance. Labeling theory suggests that deviance is caused by the deviant person being negatively labeled, internalizing the label, and acting according to the label.

 Symbolic-Interactionist Theory:
This theory, while very much a symbolicinteractionist theory, also has elements of conflict theory as the dominant group has the power to decide what is deviant and acceptable, and enjoys the power behind the labeling process. Deviance comes from the individual, who learns deviant behavior. The deviant may grow up alongside other deviants or may learn to give excuses for deviance.

 Differential Association Theory:

In his Differential Association theory, Edwin Sutherland says that criminals learn criminal and deviant behaviors and that deviance is not inherently a part of a particular individual's nature. He also argues that criminal behavior is learned in the same way that all other behaviors are learned.

 Neutralization Theory:
Gresham Sykes and David Matza's explains neutralization theory. There are five different types of rationalizations, which are the denial of responsibility, the denial of injury, the denial of the victim, the condemnation of the condemners, and the appeal to higher loyalties.

 The denial of responsibility is the argument that the

deviant was helplessly propelled into the deviance, and that under the same circumstances, any other person would resort to similar actions.
The denial of injury is the argument that the deviant

did not hurt anyone, and thus the deviance is not morally wrong, due to the fundamental belief that the action caused no harm to other individuals or to the society.
The denial of the victim is the argument that possible

individuals on the receiving end of the deviance were not injured, but rather experiences righteous force, due to the victim's lack of virtue or morals.

The condemnation of the condemners is the act by which the deviant accuses authority figures or victims for having the tendency to be equally deviant, and as a result, hypocrites.
The appeal to higher

loyalties is the belief that there

are loyalties and values that go beyond the confines of the law; friendships and traditions are more important to the deviant than legal boundaries.

 CONFLICT THEORY:
Conflict theorists generally see deviance as a result of conflict between individuals an Deviant behavior is actions that do not go along with the socially institutions as what cause deviance. The institution's ability to change norms, wealth or status comes into conflict with the individual. Since it explains deviance as a reaction due to conflict between groups and individuals due to scarce resources, it addresses the job of explaining deviance by poor citizens.

 In order to minimize negative deviant behavior within the workplace, organizations must adapt to a specific organizational culture. The ethical core values that are shared by the entire organization include both organizational values and norms.

 A second, less drastic approach to minimize negative deviant workplace behaviors involves grouping together all the generally accepted values and norms present within the workforce by the management team. By understanding the different values held by different subcultures within the company, management can then provide the direction for employees belonging to a specific subculture of the company.

CONTT
Third way of preventing the likelihood of employee

deviant behavior is to conduct frequent background checks when hiring. It is imperative in an organization to stop any type of behavior that would negatively affect it.

CRIME
Crime is the breach of rules or laws for which some

governing (such as legal systems) can ultimately prescribe a sureness.

Difference between Crime and Deviance:

The difference between deviance and crime is that crime is a social deviance for which a law has been passed to forbid it, and for the state to punish someone who breaks the prohibited. But some actions may be technically illegal yet accepted among the norms of the people.

These activities are demonstrably more harmful both economically and socially than the muggings, burglaries and robberies of the powerless, many are not only legal but morally acceptable. Monopolies, price fixing and price gouging are all examples of corporate deviance, which is seen as emerging from the single minded pursuit of profit and economic power.These practices redistribute wealth from the poor to the rich, as consumers must pay higher prices. Consumers are further deceived by misleading advertising and sales frauds.

CONTT
Political deviance, defined as the use of illegal and

unethical means to gain, retain or enlarge political power is demonstrated in case after case of bribery, extortion and kickbacks. We often experience different types of behaviors in children. Children tend to display various behavioral characters in different situations e.g they are in exited, sad or in deviant mood. First thing that should be kept in mind is Control. Parents being elder and experienced should always display emotions of self control.

 In practical terms, social control is exercised through

social sanctions, which are an inherent part of social norms. There are two varieties; Positive - Promote and encourage pronormative behavior social actors, and Negative - Impact on social actors in case of violation of social norms and have the goal of educational and repressive punitive impact on them.