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Evaluating Effectiveness
* Phenol coefficient- compare to phenol (carbolic acid) =1 higher is more effective, lower is less effective Use with Staph typhi and Staph aureas standards Used to research new disinfectants, but has problems * Filter Paper Method- uses small filter disks And look for zone of inhibition-shows some effectiveness but organic matter may interfere with results * Use-Dilution test: standard prep of bacteria , coated on stainless steel and dipped into dilutions of agents, incubated and observed for no growth* better results than phenol test
Soaps and detergents: remove microbes, oily deposits and dirt, detergent-cationic (+)(food utensils), or anionic (-) laundry and household cleaners Quats have amonium disinfectants: BAK, mouthwash Acids and Alkali: soap is a mild alkali, acid preservatives retard mold growth in breads, margarine, soft drinks Heavy Metals: selenium, mercury, copper, silver can inhibit bacterial growth such as silver nitrate and mercurochrome and merthiolate -tincture w/alcohol, selenium sulfide kills fungi and spores (dandruff shampoo) Copper sulfate- kills algae in pools
Halogens: Hypochlorous acid Cl, I, Br, Cloramine Alcohols: denature proteins, skin antiseptics Phenols: disrupt cell membranes Oxidizing Agents:H2O2 disenfectant Alkylating Agents: disrupt nucleic acids and protein structures, may cause cancer, formaldehyde, ethylene oxide, glutaraldehyde Dyes: acridine and methylene blue, crystal violet Other Agents: plant oils for thyme and clove, nitrates, sulfites, sodium nitrate ( p 338)
Moist Heat- widely used Autoclave at 15 lb/in pressure for 15-20 minutes, temp at 121C to kill spores Hospital autoclave called prevacuum autoclave, less time to sterilize Pasteurization - kills pathogens, but not sterile milk = 71.6 C for 15 sec (flash method), or heat at 92.9 C for 30 min (holding method) UHT-ultrahigh temp 74-140-74C in 5 sec used to make coffee creamers