Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
What is the potential of subsidies, trade restrictions, quotas, and governmental control of sustaining a unique national culture?
Case 6A & B
Ellen Moore-Living/working in Bahrain Culture in Bahrain & Saudi Arabia Role of professional women Adjustments to stereotypes When to adjust & when to challenge?
Cases
Defining Culture: An unbounded definition A way of life of a group of people That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society Everything that people have, think, and do as members of society
Basic assumptions
Basic assumptions
Iceberg
Onion
Primary Socialization
more intentional learning process that occurs in the family and local community
Subcultures
Develop because a group has an ethnic background, language, or religion that is different from the majority population
Secondary Socialization
Occurs after primary socialization and usually equips people with the knowledge, skills, and behavior to enact adult roles successfully
Classifications of culture Broad classifications: Halls High-Context and Low-Context Cultural Framework Detailed classifications:
Tonnies and Loomiss amplification Kluckhohn and Strodtbecks Variations in Values Orientations Hofstedes definition of culture & Bonds addition Schwartz's classification Trompenaars 7 Dimensions of Culture
Low-Context
Austria Canada Denmark England Finland Germany Norway Switzerland United States
Kluckhohn and Strodtbecks Variations in Values Orientations Framework to describe how different societies cope with various issues or problems Includes 6 Values Orientations
A culture is defined by one or more variations of a values orientation
Relation to Nature
Subjugation
Accept nature; dont try to change it
Harmony
Coexist with nature (feng shui)
Mastery
Change nature through technology when necessary or desirable
Time Orientation
Past
Emphasizes tradition
Present
Focuses on short-term
Future
Emphasizes long-term
Mixed-Neutral
Generally trusting but need to be cautious and protect self
Evil
Lack of trust
Activity Orientation
Doing
Emphasis on action, achievement, learning
Containing/Controlling
Emphasis on rationality and logic
Being
Emphasis on enjoying life and working for the moment
Individualistic
People define themselves through personal characteristics and achievement
Group-oriented
People relate to and take responsibility for members of the family, network, or community
Hierarchical
People value group relationships but also within the society emphasize relative ranking of groups
Space Orientation
Public
Space belongs to all
Mixed
There is a combination of public and private space
Private
People consider it important to have their own space
Activity
Time orientation
Femininity
Long term
Combination
Combination
Masculinity
Short term
Individualism/Collectivism
Collectivistic
People value the overall good of the group
Individualistic
People have concern for themselves and their immediate families
Power Distance
The extent to which less powerful members of organizations accept that power is unequally distributed Large
Differences among people with different ranks are acceptable
Small
Less comfortable with power differences
Uncertainty Avoidance
Indicates preferred amount of structure Weak
People prefer unstructured situations
Strong
People prefer more structure
Masculinity/Femininity
Extent to which people prefer
traditional male or female values Feminine
Tender values dominant - personal
relationships, care for others, quality of life, service
Masculine
Tough values dominant - success,
money, status, competition
Long-term/Short-term Orientation
High Confucian work dynamism/Long-term oriented
Concern with future, value thrift and persistence
Schwartz's classification
Focuses on universal aspects of individual value content and structure Based on issues that confront all societies
The nature of boundaries between the individual and the group. How to support responsible behavior. How to regulate the relation of people to the social and natural world.
Egalitarianism
Think of each other as equals sharing basic human interests that values equality, justice, honesty & responsbility
Mastery
Encourages people to master, change, and exploit the natural and social environment for personal or group goals
Universal
Judgment of what is good or true applies to every situation
Individualist
Focus on self, personal freedom, and competitiveness
Specific
Objective, break things down into small parts Large public spaces and smaller private spaces
Achievement
Emphasize attainment of position and influence through a demonstration of expertise
Inner-directed
See virtue as being inside the individual and believe that conscience and convictions are internal
Sequential
Do one thing at a time, make appointments and arrive on time, and generally stick to schedules.
Secular-Rational
Opposite preferences to traditional
Self-expression
Opposite preferences to survival
Convergence or Divergence?
Closer communication and trade links Worldwide markets and products