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1
dA
dF
A
F
A
= =

o
o
o
o 0
lim
Normal stress =
| | ) Pa ( pascal m / N
A
Force
2
o
Chapter 2 Mechanics of Materials
Example: Estimate the normal stress on a shin bone ()
A

F

Tensile stress (+)

F

Compressive stress (-)

At a point:
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2
Shear stress () = t = F tangential to the area / A
A
F

dA
dF
= t At a point,
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3
Normal strain () c = fractional change of length=
l x /
x
l

F
F
fixed
l x / Shear strain (?) = deformation under shear stress =
F

l
x
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4
Stress-strain curve
o
c

o
Yield pt.
Work
hardening
break
Elastic
deformation
Hooke's law: In elastic region, o c, or o/ c = E
E is a constant, named as Youngs modulus or modulus of
elasticity

Similarly, in elastic region, t/ = G, where G is a constant,
named as shear modulus or modulus of rigidity.
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5
Exercise set 2 (Problem 3)

Find the total
extension of the bar.
dx
x
dx de
2
4
10 92 . 1

= c =
) (
120
) 10 5 (
6 . 0
3
m
x
m
m
x
W = =

Pa
x m x
N
2
7
2 2
3
10 88 . 2
) 120 / (
10 2
=

= o
X

15mm
W
5mm
1.2m

0.6m
o
kN 2
dx
2
4
9
2 7
10 92 . 1
10 150
/ 10 88 . 2
x
x
E

= =
o
c
Width of a cross-sectional element at x:

Stress in this element :

Strain of this element:

The extension of this element :

The total extension of the whole bar is :
= 2.13 x 10
-4
m
} }

= =
8 . 1
6 . 0
2
4
10 92 . 1
dx
x
de e
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6
Bulk modulus
) / ( V V
p
K
o
o

=
V V o +
p o
dV
dp
V =
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7
Poisson's ratio :
For a homogeneous isotropic material
normal strain :

lateral strain :
Poisson's ratio :
value of v : 0.2 - 0.5

d
d
L
A
= c
c c v /
L

x
= c
F F

d d A +
x
d
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8
Double index notation for stress and strain
1
st
index: surface, 2
nd
index: force
For normal stress components : x xx, y yy , z zz,
o
x
o
xx

z
o
x
o
y
o
x
y
z
o
zx
o
zy
o
yz
o
xz
o
xy
o
yx
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9
E E E
E E E
E E E
yy
xx zz
zz
zz xx
yy
yy
zz
yy
xx
xx
vo

vo

o
= c
vo

vo

o
= c
vo

vo

o
= c
z
o
x
o
y
o
x
y
z
Joint effect of three normal stress components
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10
Symmetry of shear stress components
Take moment about the z axis, total torque = 0,
(o
xy
AyAz) Ax = (o
yx
Ax Az) Ay, hence, o
xy
= o
yx
.

Similarly, o
yz
= o
zy
and o
xz
= o
zx
z
y
x
o
xy
o
yx
Ax
Ay
Az
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11
Define pure rotation angle u
rot
and
pure shear strain, such that the angular
displacements of the two surfaces are:

1
= u
rot
+ u
def
and
2
= u
rot
- u
def
. Hence,
u
rot
= (
1
+
2
)/2 and u
def
= (
1
-
2
)/2
Original shear strain is simple strain =
etc. ,... ,
y
dx
x
dy
A A
There is no real deformation during pure rotation,
but simple strain = 0.
x
y
Ax

2
= -
Example:
1
= 0 and
2
= - ,
so u
def
= (0+)/2 = /2 and u
rot
= (0-)/2 = -/2
Pure shear strain is /2
x
y
Ax
dy
1

u
rot

2
u
def
u
def
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12
Example: Show that
) 2 1 ( 3 v
=
E
K
) 2 1 ( 3
E
V / V
p
K
v
=
A
A

3
3 3
) (

l
l l l
V
V
A +
=
A
c 3 / 3 = A ~ l l
Proof:
c
xx
= c
yy
= c
zz
= c, hence
3c = c
xx
+c
yy
+c
zz
= (1-2v)(o
xx
+o
yy
+o
zz
)/E
o
xx
=o
yy
=o
zz
= -Ap (compressive stress)
) (
) 2 1 (
3 p
E
A
v
=
V
V A
For hydrostatic pressure
l
l
l
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13
Point C moves further along x- and y-direction by distances
of AD(/2) and AD(/2) respectively.
c
nn
= [(AD . /2)
2
+ (AD . /2)
2
]
1/2
/ [(AD)
2
+ (AD)
2
]
1/2
= /2
True shear strain: c
yx
= /2
Therefore, the normal component of strain is equal to the
shear component of strain:
c
nn
=

c
yx
and c
nn
= /2

Example : Show that c
nn
= /2

2 /
x
y
A
C
C
D
D
2

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14
o
yx
(lW) sin 45
o
x2 = 2 (l cos 45
o
) W o
nn

Example : Show that c
nn
= o
nn
/(2G)
Consider equilibrium along n-direction:
Therefore o
yx
= o
nn


From definition : = o
xy
/G = o
nn
/G = 2 c
nn

l
l
o
n

o
yx

o
xy

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15
G
v
E
2
1
=
+

c
xx
= o
xx
/E - v o
yy
/E- v o
zz
/E
Set o
xx
= o
nn
= -o
yy
, o
zz
= 0, c
xx
= c
nn
c
nn
= (1+v) o
nn
/E = o
nn
/2G (previous example)
Example : Show
G
v
E
2
1
=
+
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16
Ex. 12 kN forces are applied to the top
& bottom of a cube (20 mm edges), E =
60 GPa, v = 0.3. Find (i) the force
exerted by the walls, (ii) c
yy

z
y
12kN
x
(i) c
xx
= 0, o
yy
= 0 and
o
zz
= -1210
3
N/(2010
-3
m)
2
= 310
7
Pa
c
xx
= (o
xx
- v o
yy
- v o
zz
) /E
0 = [o
xx
- 0 0.3(- 310
7
)]/6010
9

o
xx
= -910
6
Pa (compressive)
Force = Ao
xx
= (2010
-3
m)
2
(-910
6
Pa) = -3.6 10
3
N
(ii) c
yy
= (o
yy
- v o
zz
- v o
xx
) /E
= [0 0.3(- 310
7
) 0.3(- 910
6
)]/6010
9
= 1.9510
-4

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17
Elastic Strain Energy
The energy stored in a small volume:

The energy stored :






Energy density in the material :


dx
x
AE Fdx dU ) (

= =
V E
A
e
E
AEe
dx x
AE
U
e
=
= =
=
}
2
2
2
0
2
1
) ( ) (
2
1
2
1
) (
c

E
E
V
U
u
2
2
2
1
2
1 o
c = =
e=extension
dx
F
F

x
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18
Similarly for shear strain :
F
dx

}
= x d F U

}
= Fdx

t
= =
/
/
x
A F
G
G
G u
2
2
2
1
2
1 t
= =