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OBJECTIVE
To determine the strength parameters for the rectangular and trapezoidal composite profiled beam. To compare the result of conventional and composite profiled beams both experimentally and theoretically.
Composite Structures
Introduction
Composite structure refers to two load carrying structural members that are integrally connected and deflect as a single unit. . In Reinforced concrete beams that use steel decking consisting of profiled as permanent form to both the soffit and sides of the beam. This form of beams are called profiled beams.
It is now common practice to use cold formed steel decks consisting of profiled sheets both as permanent formwork for the support of soffits of reinforced concrete slab and also as part of the tension steel in the composite profiled slab that is formed after the concrete has hardened.
t
MIX PROPORTION FOR ONE METER CUBE OF CONCRETE
Weight in kg/m3 348.320 711.274 1172.000 191.580 0.55
Sl no 1 2 3 4 5
Materials Cement Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Water Water Cement Ratio
The compressive strength of concrete is greater than the targeted mean strength of concrete. The split tensile strength of concrete is 2.64 N/mm2.The tensile strength of concrete is about 1/10 of the compressive strength of concrete. The modulus of rupture is 3.923 N/mm2 .This value closely agrees with modulus of rupture calculated based on IS 456:2000
Cont.
Conti.
THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS
STRESS BLOCK PARAMETERS
Conti.
All the cross section is planned to have equal concrete area. Considering the bottom of profiled sheet act as a tensile reinforcement but not consider sides of profiled sheet. From the stress block diagram, the depth of Neutral Axis and Moment carrying capacity are calculated by the following equations,
Depth of NA
34.420 21.950 63.360 48.760 41.890
PTB2
31.356
12.970
28.514
Conti.
From the theoretical computations, it is observed that the moment carrying capacity of the composite profiled beam is estimated as 45% - 62% higher than the moment to be carried by conventional concrete beam. Among the composite profiled beams, the trapezoidal profiled beam seems to have 10% - 20% higher load carrying capacity compared to rectangular profiled beam.
PRB2
PTB1 PTB2
67.300
87.568 78.030
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Deflection in mm CB1 CB2 PRB1 PRB2 PTB1 PTB2
0
0 2 4 6 Deflection in mm CB1 CB2 PRB1 PRB2 PTB1 PTB2 8 10 12 14
Conti
Table shows the Ultimate Load of all the specimens. The ultimate load carrying capacity of composite profiled beams is 2.2 2.5 times of the Conventional Reinforced Concrete Beams. The specimen PTB2 has maximum load and its maximum deflection.
87.568
PRB2
67.300
PTB2
78.030
15.94
Conti
Table shows the Percentage increase of ultimate load of Composite Profiled Beam with different profiled configuration. It is found PTB is 12 16 % more than PRB.
STIFFNESS
Stiffness may be defined as load required causing a unit deflection. The stiffness values of conventional specimens and composite profiled specimens at elastic load. The slope values of load deflection curve are the stiffness value within elastic limit.
PRB1
PRB2 PTB1 PTB2
7.997
6.401 9.220 8.508
Conti
Table shows the elastic stiffness values of composite profiled beams and conventional specimens. It is observed that the composite profiled beams have high stiffness values than conventional specimens at elastic load. The profiled trapezoidal beams have 15-32 percentages more stiffness than the rectangular profiled beams.
ENERGY ABSORPTION
Energy absorption is the energy absorbed or stored by a member when work is done on it to deform it and is called strain energy or resilience. Energy absorption is calculated as the area under the load versus mid span deflection curve up to elastic load beyond the elastic load. The energy absorption values of control beams and composite profiled beams are shown in table
upto Elastic Load in beyond Elastic Load kN-mm CB1 CB2 PRB1 119.974 80.787 284.486 in kN-mm 77.553 65.009 458.163
PRB2
PTB1 PRB2
237.326
389.143 350.538
319.399
518.013 363.536
Conti
It shows that Composite profiled beams have more energy absorption capacity than that of RC beams up to elastic loading and beyond the elastic loading. This shows that profiled beams with 10 mm diameter rod offered more resistance to the applied load. While comparing the profiled beams, beam with trapezoidal cross section shows more energy absorption capacity than that of beams with rectangular cross section. However it is concluded that there is a significant increase in energy absorption due to cross sectional configuration or depth of the section and thickness of reinforced steel bar.
ENERGY DUCTILITY
The energy ductility may be defined as the ratio of the energy absorbed up to ultimate load to energy absorbed up to elastic load. It may be obtained by dividing the area under the load-deflection curve up to ultimate load, by the area under load-deflection curve up to elastic load
ENERGY DUCTILITY
Beam designation Energy Absorption upto Elastic Load in kNmm(A) 119.974 80.787 284.486 237.326 389.143 350.538 Energy Absorption upto Ultimate Load in kNmm(B) 197.527 145.796 742.649 556.725 907.156 714.074 Energy ductility I=B/A
LOCAL BUCKLING
Plate element of cross section may buckle locally due to
compressive stress
The following figures display the development of local buckling of the composite profiled beams. From the figure we can clearly understand that there is no De-bonding developed in the composite profiled beams.
MODE OF FAILURE
Reinforced concrete beams failed in flexure zone. After the first crack load, the reinforcement started yielding and more number of cracks have formed in flexure zone and extended towards the point loads with the increment in loads. At ultimate loads, the failure of RC beams is due to spalling of concrete cover due to excessive rotation occurred at loading point indicating that plastic hinges have formed at the loading point. In RC beams more number of cracks formed in flexure-shear zone. No shear cracks have formed in support.
Conti
At ultimate load, the failures of composite profiled beams occurred with local buckling of profiled sheet and crushing of concrete. The local buckling occurred at neighborhood point of loading. The crushing of concrete occurred at surface loading point. In composite profiled beams, the crack patterns were not visible
16 14 12 10 8 6
4
2 0
-0.002
0.001
At Top
-0.003
-0.002
0.001
0.002
0.003
-0.002
-0.001
0.001
0.002
0.003
-0.004
0.002 At top
0.004
-0.002
-0.001
0.002
0.003
At Bottom
MOMENT-CURVATURE
Moment-curvature diagram of a section in bending can be theoretically computed from the assumptions of the bending theory by calculating the corresponding values of M and . The theoretical stress-strain curves for steel and concrete, together with the equation of equilibrium and compatibility, are used for this purpose.
Moment in KN-m
25 20 PRB1 15 10 5 0 0 0.000005 0.00001 0.000015 0.00002 0.000025 0.00003 y = -3E+10x2 + 2E+06x + 1.927(PRB1) y = -5E+10x2 + 2E+06x + 1.389(PRB2) PRB2 Poly. (PRB1) Poly. (PRB2)
Rotation in radians
40.00
35.00
Moment in KN-m
30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 0 0.000005 0.00001 0.000015 0.00002 0.000025 y = -5E+10x2 + 3E+06x + 2.414(PTB2) PTB1 PTB2 Poly. (PTB1) Poly. (PTB2)
Rotation in radians
Conti.
The equation of moment curvature for profiled rectangular beams is M = -3*1010 2 + 2*106 + 1.927 (PTB1) M = -5*1010 2 + 2*106 + 1.389 (PRB2) The equation of moment curvature for profiled trapezoidal rectangular beams is M = -4*1010 2 + 2*106 + 1.129 (PTB1) M = -5*1010 2 + 3*106 +2.414 (PTB2)
PTB2
78.030
28.514
Conti
The ultimate load obtained from experiment is 2.5 times higher than the theoretical load. This may be due the incorrectness in the theoretical calculation and have to be revised.
CONCLUSION
The following are the conclusion drawn from the experimental work for flexural specimens. The ultimate strength ,load deflection curve and crack pattern were studied for conventional beams. Since the beams were under reinforced, yielding of the tensile reinforcement occurred in pure bending. The ultimate load of composite profiled is ranges from 2.232.6 times of conventional beams. While comparing the profiled beams, the ultimate load of PTBs carried 12.3-16 percentage more than PRBs. For normal trapezoidal beam the form work is costly and difficult to place. Since the trapezoidal profiled sheets are prefabricated so it can be used easily in construction industry.
Conti
Stiffness, Energy absorption capacity, Energy ductility are depends on the profiled cross section and diameter of steel bar. Composite profiled beams shows large amount of energy absorption capacity that of RCC beams and also PTBs more energy absorption capacity.
Provision of lips gives good bonding between concrete and profiled sheet.
Local buckling and crushing failure occurred ,when the composite profiled beams almost reaches maximum load. The addition of profiled sheet to the sides of reinforced concrete beams increase flexural strength. While increasing area of reinforcement in profiled beam more stiffness and reduces ductility.
REFERENCE
Deric John Oehlers (1993)- Composite Profiled Beams journal of structural engineering, Vole 119, No.4 April 1993. ASCE page 3320. Deric John Oehlers, Howard D,Wrightand Matthew j. Burnet Flexural strength of profiled beams journal of structural engineering, Vol 120, No 2. February, 1994. ASCE, Page NO. 4960 Brian Uyand Mark Andrew Bradford, Member ASCE - Ductility of profiled composite beams. Part 1: Experimental study 1995 Vol 121, No.5 May 1995. ASCE page 7851. Brian Uy and Mark Andrew Bradford, Member ASCE Ductility of profiled composite beams. Part 2: Analytical study 1995. Vol 121, No.5 May 1995. ASCE page 7852.
Conti
Kottiswaran N and Sundararajan R (2005) An Experimental investigation on flexural behaviour of steel concrete composite beam made up of thin walled cold formed steel.
Hyung-JoonAhn and Soo-Hyun Ryu (2006) Modular composite profile beams. ArivalaganSundararajan, KandasamyShanmugasundaram *2008+ An Experimental study of normal mix, flyash, quarry waste, and low strength concrete (Brick-bat lime concrete) contribution to the ultimate moment capacity of square steel hollow sections. Siva A and Kumar V(2012) Shear bond characteristics of composite slab made of cold-formed profiled steel sheeting. S.Ramamrutham (2006) Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures. IS 1022:2009 concrete mix proportioning guidelines. IS 456: 2000 plane and reinforced concrete code of practice