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A small video chain is deciding whether to engage in a new line of delivery business and is conducting an economic analysis of the valuation impacts of this decision. This is a case basically regarding how to measure the benefits of financial leverage via different valuation approaches.
t=0
Initial invest. (total cost) Inc. rev. Inc. cost Deprec. OP CF NOP CF Project CF Financing Interest (AT) Repay. (8,000,000) 8,000,000 (8,000,000)
t=1
t=2
t=3
t=4
3,500,000
3,500,000
3,500,000
6,500,000
(360,000)
(360,000)
(360,000)
(360,000) (8,000,000)
Fin. Rel. CF
Total CF
8,000,000
0
(360,000)
3,140,000
(360,000)
3,140,000
(360,000)
3,140,000
(8,360,000)
(1,860,000)
Assuming that financing totally comes from debt, and the before-tax cost of capital is 6%, tax rate 25%, so the after-tax cost of capital 4.5%.
t=0
Project CF NPV (at 4.5%) (8,000,000) 7,072,024
t=1
3,500,000
t=2
3,500,000
t=3
3,500,000
t=4
6,500,000
t=1 3,140,000
t=2 3,140,000
t=3 3,140,000
t=4 (1,860,000)
t=1
t=2
(t=3
t=4
Fin. Rel. CF
NPV (at 4.5%)
8,000,000
0
(360,000)
(360,000)
(360,000)
(8,360,000)
Valuation Methods
Adjusted Present Value (APV) Approach
EBIT(1 t ) tk D D VL Vu tD k su kD
WACC approach
VL = CFL / WACC where WACC = KSU[1-twd]
EBIT(1 t ) tk D D VL Vu tD k su kD
If depreciation is straight line, the initial capital expenditure appears to be depreciated over 7.5 years ($200,000; or $1,500,000/7.5). The annual capital expenditures of $300,000 seems to be depreciated over 12 years. ($25,000; or 300,000/12)
Free CF -112.0 Discount Rate 15.8% Discount Factor 0.864 Present Value -96.7
4812.5
0.480 2311.1
TV=495(1+5%)/(15.8%-5%) = 4812.5 Total PV of FCF Less: Initial Investment Net Present Value 2728.5 1500.0 1228.5
The Value of the Levered Firm: The NPV of the Project with a Fixed Level of Debt
To calculate the net present value of the firm assuming it borrows $750,000 in perpetuity to fund this project. Use APV approach.
The Value of the Levered Firm: The NPV of the Project with a Fixed Proportion (25%) Debt
To calculate the value of the project if the firm maintains a policy of maintaining debt-to-value at 25% in each period. To use the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) method. To use the WACC to discount the free cash flows, which is already calculated . VL = CFL / WACC
Debt beta [E] from Exhibit 2 0.25 Debt percentage [F] from questions 25% Debt Return [G] = [B] + [F] * [C] 6.8% Debt beta contribution [H] = [E] * [F] 0.06 Equity beta [I] = ([A] - [H]) / [J] 1.92 Equity percentage [J] = 1 - [F] 75% Equity Return [K] = [B] + [I] * [C] 18.8% Equity beta contribution [L] = [I] * [J] 1.44 Asset beta [M] = [H] + [L] = [A] 1.50 Tax Rate [N] from Exhibit 2 40% WACC [O] = (1-[N]) * [F] * [G] + [J] * [K] 15.1%
Weighted Average Cost of Capital Valuation with a target debt-to-value ratio of 25%
2002E 2003E 2004E 2005E 2006E TV
Free CF -112.0 Discount Rate 15.1% Discount Factor 0.869 Present Value -96.7
5135.9
0.495 2311.1
TV=495(1+5%)/(15.1%-5%) =5135.9 Total PV of FCF Less: Initial Investment Net Present Value 2970.0 1500.0 1470.0
Weighted Average Cost of Capital Valuation with a target debt-to-value ratio of 25%
PV of Future FCF Debt at 25% of Value Debt Rate Tax Rate Interest tax shield Free CF Interest tax shield Capital Cash Flow Discount Rate Discount Factor Present Value
TV
5135.9 5135.9
0.480 2466.4
TV=495(1+5%)/(15.1%-5%) =5135.9 Total PV of FCF 2970.0 Less: Initial Investment 1500.0 Net Present Value 1470.0
Why are the present values of the interest tax shield greater for the firm with $750,000 in debt that with the 25% debt-to-value ratio? The level of debt with the fixed debt policy is fixed and thus the interest tax shields have the same risk as the debt. The discount rate for interest tax shields with the fixed debt policy therefore is the debt rate of 6.8%. With the 25% debt-to-value policy, the amount of debt varies with the value of the firm so the expected interest tax shields also vary with the value of the firm. These tax shields therefore should be discounted at the expected asset return 15.8%, which is higher than the debt rate.