COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

MOHD IZUWAN BIN MAT HASIM SHAHRIZAL BIN MOHD NOOR SHAM MUHAMMAD FAZLI BIN MOHD YAAKOP MOHD FAZRIL BIN LAHIMIN

INTRODUCTION
Network topologies describe the ways in which the elements of a network are mapped describe the physical and logical arrangement of the network nodes The physical topology of a network refers to the layout of cables, computers and other peripherals while Logical topology is the method used to pass the information between the computers. A local area network (LAN) is one example of a network that exhibits both a physical topology and a logical topology.

PROBLEM STATEMENT
In a server based network, there are computers set up to be primary providers of services such as file service or mail service. But, in which way the element of the network is mapped?. What is the different between the ways of the of the networks mapped?. To differentiate all types of the topology that has been chosen, we must know how the topology is mapped, what the advantages and the disadvantages one per one of the topologies.

CONSIDERATION WHEN CHOOSING TOPOLOGY

Money Length of cable needed Future growth Table types

IMPLEMENTATION ON TOPOLOGY
The topology construction algorithm, construct a network topology and assign channels to the cell made up by base station interfaces of the routers The algorithm maximizes the network capacity between each router and master gateway, balances the load on the gateway, and minimizes the interface on wireless links. The topology construction algorithm is employed to determine the network topology.

DISCUSSION

RING TOPOLOGY
the nodes or the computers are connected in a closed loop. Each node is connected to two other nodes and when the data is sent it travels across all nodes in one particular direction. Ring topology is used when there is heavy flow of data as it has greater capability to handle data and doesnt even require any central workstation to handle the data transmission.

Advantages of Ring Topology

Good Communication over long distances Enables reliable communication no need for network server to control the connectivity between workstations. Handles high volume of traffic Each computer has equal access to resources.

Disadvantages of Ring Topology

The failure of a single node of the network can cause the entire network to fail. The movement or changes made to network nodes affects the performance of the entire network Each packet of data must pass through all the computers between source and destination. This makes it slower than Star topology Expensive

TREE TOPOLOGY
Tree Topology is a combination of the bus and the Star Topology. The tree like structure allows having many servers on the network. The Tree topology can be extended easily to function and there are no limitations to how big it can be extended. A Tree Structure suits best when the network is widely spread and vastly divided into many branches.

Advantages of Tree Topology

is supported by many network vendors and even hardware vendors. All the computers have access to the larger and their immediate networks Since it divides the network in sub-parts, so it becomes more manageable Error detection and correction is easy. Each segment is provided with dedicated point-to-point wiring to the central hub. If one segment is damaged, other segments are not affected

Disadvantages of Tree Topology

The network is vulnerable as it is wholly dependent on the central hub. If the network becomes extremely large it becomes difficult to manage Because of its basic structure, tree topology, relies heavily on the main bus cable, if it breaks whole network is crippled.

BUS TOPOLOGY
the simplest of network topologies all the nodes (computers as well as servers) are connected to the single cable (called bus), by the help of interface connectors There are two types of bus topology that are linear bus topology and distributed bus topology.

Advantages of Bus Topology

It is easy to set-up and extend bus network Linear Bus network is mostly used in small networks Less cost. Cable length required for this topology is the least compared to other networks Works well for small networks

Disadvantages of Bus Topology

There is a limit on central cable length and number of nodes that can be connected Dependency on central cable in this topology has its disadvantages. If the main cable encounters some problem, whole network breaks down. It is difficult to detect and troubleshoot fault at individual station. Efficiency of Bus network reduces as the number of devices connected to it increases. Security is very low because all the computers receive the sent signal from the source.

MESH TOPOLOGY
involve the concept of routes. each of the network node, computer and other devices, are interconnected with one another. Every node not only sends its own signals but also relays data from other nodes. There are two types of mesh topology that are full mesh topology and partial mesh topology

Advantages of Mesh topology

Data can be transmitted from different devices simultaneously. This topology can withstand high traffic Even if one of the components fails there is always an alternative present. So data transfer doesnt get affected. Expansion and modification in topology can be done without disrupting other nodes.

Disadvantages of Mesh topology

There are high chances of redundancy in many of the network connections. Overall cost of this network is way too high as compared to other network topologies. Set-up and maintenance of this topology is very difficult. Even administration of the network is tough.

HYBRID TOPOLOGY
use a combination of any two or more topologies in such a way that the resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies Two common examples for Hybrid network are Star Ring Network and Star Bus Network

Advantages of Hybrid topology

Reliable : Unlike other networks, fault detection and troubleshooting is easy in this type of topology. The part in which fault is detected can be isolated from the rest of network and required corrective measures can be taken, without affecting the functioning of rest of the network Scalable: Its easy to increase the size of network by adding new components, without disturbing existing architecture Flexible: Hybrid Network can be designed according to the requirements of the organization and by optimizing the available resources. Special care can be given to nodes where traffic is high as well as where chances of fault are high.
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Disadvantages of Hybrid topology

Difficult they can be to design Complicated Hard to troubleshoot, but if they're built right, there won't be any reason to troubleshoot.

CELLULAR TOPOLOGY
optional data structure that augments the standard ACIS topological structure. It is very general, very flexible, and low-level. consists of circular or hexagonal areas, each of which has an individual node at its center

Advantages of Cellular topology

More capacity due to spectral reuse Lower transmission power due to smaller transmitter/receiver distances More robust system as Base Station problem only effects the immediate cell More predictable propagation environment due toshorter distances

Disadvantages of Cellular topology

Need for more infrastructure Need for fixed network to connect BaseStations Some residual interference from co-channelcells Handover procedure required

STAR TOPOLOGY
star network features a central connection point called a "hub" that may be a hub, switch or router. All the data on the star topology passes through the central device before reaching the intended destination Hub acts as a junction to connect different nodes present in Star Network, and at the same time it manages and controls whole of the network There are two types of Star topology that are extended star and distributed star topology

Advantages of Star Topology

Easy to connect new nodes or devices. In star topology new nodes can be added easily without affecting rest of the network. Similarly components can also be removed easily. Failure of one node or link doesnt affect the rest of network. At the same time its easy to detect the failure and troubleshoot it. Low startup cost and easy to manage and maintain Layout is easy to modify and troubleshoot Reliable

Disadvantages of Star Topology

Too much dependency on central device has its own drawbacks. If it fails whole network goes down. The use of hub, a router or a switch as central device increases the overall cost of the network. Performance and as well number of nodes which can be added in such topology is depended on capacity of central device. Requires more cabling than bus.

IRREGULAR TOPOLOGY
no obvious pattern to the links and nodes wiring is inconsistent; the nodes have varying numbers of wires leading from them no specific path and solely depends on the system growth.

CONCLUSION
As the conclusion, the choosing for the type of network topology is based on four criteria that are money or cost, length of cable needed, future growth and cable type. In the end of the reseach, student able to compare all types of topology. Student also able to state the advantages and disadvantages of each topology.