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EE 303 Energy Systems and

Power Electronics
Text Book: Electric Power Principles :Sources, Conversion, Distribution and Use/ J.L. Kirtley
EE 303 notes available at copy works

Online ISU text books:
Electric Power Systems : A Conceptual Introduction/ Alexandra von Meier
Introduction to electrical power systems / Mohamed E. El-Hawary
Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems/Gilbert M. Masters



Course Contents
Covers Generation, Transmission , Distribution
and Power Electronics
Single Phase , Three phase and Per unit
Generation
Transformers
Transmission and Power flow
Economic Dispatch
Distribution
Power Electronics
Main Elements of a Power Network
Generation

Transmission

Distribution
Power System Generation & Transmission
Power circuits can be single-phase or 3-phase
N
S
Single phase
Generation & transmission is always 3-phase because
Requires 3 wires (if balanced) instead of 6
Power is constant and large motors run smoother
N
S
3-phase
X
X X
X
Transmission
1100 kV Line
Voltage Levels
Generation: 1kV-30 kV
EHV Transmission: 500kV-765kV
HV Transmission: 230kV-345kV
Subtransmission system: 69kV-169kV
Distribution system: 120V-35kV
About 40% of power system investment is in the distribution system
equipment (40% in generation, 20% in transmission).
Transformers; how they work
Only works with AC!
V
2
can be larger or smaller than V
1
2
1
2
1
N
N
V
V
=
US Electric Transmission System
North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC)

Energy Control Centers

Energy Control Center (ECC):
SCADA, EMS, operational personnel
Heart (eyes & hands, brains) of the power system
Supervisory control & data acquisition (SCADA):
Supervisory control: remote control of field devices
Data acquisition: monitoring of field conditions
SCADA components:
Master Station: System Nerve Center located in ECC
Remote terminal units: Gathers data at substations; sends to Master
Station
Communications: Links Master Station with Field Devices
Energy management system (EMS)
Topology processor & network configurator
State estimator and power flow model development
Automatic generation control (AGC), Optimal power flow (OPF)
Security assessment and alarm processing
Substation
Remote
terminal
unit
SCADA Master Station
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

l
i
n
k

Energy control center with EMS
EMS alarm display
EMS 1-line diagram
Substations: where transmission lines meet, & where
transformers & protection equipment are located
Substations

Substation equipment :
Transformer to change the voltage and current level.

Circuit breaker (CB) to interrupt the load and fault current. The fault current
automatically triggers the CB.

Disconnect switch to provide visible circuit separation. Permit CB
maintenance. No load operation.

Voltage and current transformers to reduce the current to 5 A, and the
voltage to 120 V, and to insulate the measuring circuit from the high voltage

Surge arresters for protection against lightning and switching overvoltages.
They are voltage dependent, non linear resistance.
Arial View of a Substation
69 kV substation
Circuit
breaker
Disconnect Disconnect
Current CT
Bus bar
Circuit
breaker
Disconnect Disconnect
Current CT
Bus bar
Circuit
breaker
Disconnect Disconnect
Current CT
Bus bar
500 kV Circuit breaker
Disconnect Switch
Open
Open
Surge Arrester
Radial Distribution system
Feeder 4 Feeder 1
Feeder 2
F
e
e
d
e
r

3
Three-phase Four-wire
Main Feeder
N
e
u
t
r
a
l
Re-closing
Circuit Breaker
Fuse
Single-phase
Radial Feeder
Single-phase
Radial Feeder
Sub-transmission Line
To Consumer
Service Drop
Distribution
(Step-down)
Transfomer
}
Cable and transmission line
junction
Line
Fuse cutout
Cables
Surge
arrester
Consumer Service Drop
Fuse
cutout
Surge
arrester
12.47 kV
Line
Transformer
Sub-transmission and Distribution line
Distribution line 13.8 kV
Transformer
240/120V line
Fuse and disconnector
Telephone line
Distribution Cable 13.8 kV
Doubly Fed Induction
Generators(DFIGs)
lightning induced
flashover!
arc across 400kV insulator
Staged Faults on
400kV line
Tree-contact
Trees were overgrown because right-of-
ways had not been properly maintained.
Lines expand and sag due to heat; more
prone in summer with high temperature &
low winds; more prone with high current.
Each successive line trip requires that the
power it was carrying be transferred to
flow elsewhere, resulting in increased
power on remaining lines.
Blackouts
Summary of well-known blackouts
Location Date
Scale in term of MW or
Population
Collapse
time
US-NE[1] 10-11/9/65 20,000 MW, 30M people 13 mins
New York[2] 7/13/77 6,000 MW, 9M people 1 hour
France[3] 1978 29,000 MW 26 mins
Japan[4] 1987 8,200 MW 20mins
US-West[5] 1/17/94 7,500 MW 1 min
US-West[5] 12/14/94 9,300 MW
US-West[5] 7/2/96 11,700 MW 36 seconds
US-West[5] 7/3/96 1,200 MW > 1 min
US-West[5] 8/10/96 30,500 MW > 6 mins
Brazil[6] 3/11/99 25,000 MW 30 secs
US-NE[7] 8/14/03 62,000 MW, 50M people > 1 hour
London[8] 8/28/03 724 MW, 476K people 8 secs
Denmark & Sweden [9][10] 9/23/03 4.85M people 7mins
Italy[11] 9/28/03 27,700 MW, 57M people 27mins
POWER ELECTRONICS
&
ELECTRIC DRIVES
Power Electronics deals with the conversion of power
1 , 3 , 60 Hz

or DC
Can be variable voltage and frequency (f)
Performance Criteria Metrics :


Efficiency, Availability, Low Cost, Small Size,
Power quality ..
Static ( non rotating parts : DC power supply, HVDC , Welding )


Load

Dynamic : ( Contains moving or rotating parts : Pumps,
Conveyor belts, Electric Trains, Motors)
Range of power conversion : 1kW up to 10GW
Power Semiconductor Devices
Un-Controlled
Controlled Semi-Controlled
Diode
Thyristor (SCR) or Silicon
Controlled Rectifier
Triode Alternating Current Switch(TRIAC)
Metal Oxide Silicon Field
Effect Transistor (MOSFET)
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)
Gate turn-off thyristor (GTO)
SCR on air-cooled
kits
Power Electronics Applications
Transmission Systems
( HVDC, Flexible AC Transmission Systems(FACTS) )
Smart Grid Applications
(ABB, Siemens, Hitachi ..)
Distribution
Custom Power, Smart meters
Storage
Battery, Flywheel , Super capacitor,
Generation
Solar, Wind, Fuel Cell, Micro-Turbine, Hydro
Industrial
Power quality, un-interruptible power supplies, variable speed
drives, rail transportation, electric/hybrid vehicles
Power Electronics Applications cont..
Military
All electric ship, aircraft, virtual reality
Residential/Commercial
Appliances, Heat pumps/Airconditioners, Computers
Power Electronics Converters
1 , 3 AC to DC: RECTIFIER
DC to DC: CHOPPER
DC to 1 , 3 AC: INVERTER
3 AC to 3 AC:
CYCLOCONVERTER(old)
Matrix Converter (new)
Doubly Fed Induction Generator(DFIG) Wind- Energy Conversion
Institute of Energy Technology-Aalborg University: www.iet.aau.dk/education
Mechanical Load Characteristics
, 1, 0, 2
k
rated
rated
n
T C T k
n
| |
= =
|
\ .
; 2 / sec
60
n
P T watts rad e e t = =
( )
rated rated
T Load Torque at Rated Speed n =
k Represents theTorque Dependency on Speed
n Represents the Operating Speed in rpm
P Represents the Mechanical Power of the Load
Speed
Torque
Constant Torque k=0
1
1 T k
n
=
2
2 T n k =
Elevator
IV (Induction)
I (Synchronous)
II (dc Shunt/Separately excited)
III (dc series excited)
T
max
Torque
Speed
Various Motor Characteristics
Renewable Energy
Solar
Tidal
Geothermal
The chart shows the length of
time that these remaining
reserves would last if
production continues at the
1996 level.
The Future of Energy
Smart Grid
Like the Internet, the Smart Grid will consist of
controls, computers, automation, and new
technologies and equipment working together,
but in this case, these technologies will work
with the electrical grid to respond digitally to
our quickly changing electric demand
http://www.smartgrid.gov/the_smart_grid


Quicker restoration of electricity after power
disturbances
Reduced operations and management costs
for utilities, and ultimately lower power costs
for consumers
Reduced peak demand, which will also help
lower electricity rates
Increased integration of large-scale
renewable energy systems
Better integration of customer-owner power
generation systems, including renewable
energy systems
Improved security
http://www.smartgrid.gov/the_smart_grid
Smart Grid

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