Lecture Presentation

Chapter 3
Chemical Formulas and Types of Reactions

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Law of Conservation of Mass

We may lay it down as an incontestable axiom that, in all the operations of art and nature, nothing is created; an equal amount of matter exists both before and after the experiment. Upon this principle, the whole art of performing chemical experiments depends.
--Antoine Lavoisier, 1789
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Stoichiometry

Chemical Equations
Chemical equations are concise representations of chemical reactions.

Stoichiometry

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Anatomy of a Chemical Equation

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Stoichiometry

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Anatomy of a Chemical Equation

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Reactants appear on the left side of the equation.

Stoichiometry

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Anatomy of a Chemical Equation

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Products appear on the right side of the equation.

Stoichiometry

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Anatomy of a Chemical Equation

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

The states of the reactants and products are written in parentheses to the right of each compound.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Stoichiometry

Anatomy of a Chemical Equation

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Coefficients are inserted to balance the equation.

Stoichiometry

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Subscripts and Coefficients Give Different Information

Subscripts tell the number of atoms of each element in a molecule. Coefficients tell the number of molecules.
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Stoichiometry

Reaction Types

Stoichiometry

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Combination Reactions
In combination reactions two or more substances react to form one product.

Examples:
2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s) N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) C3H6(g) + Br2(l) C3H6Br2(l)
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Stoichiometry

Decomposition Reactions
In a decomposition reaction one substance breaks down into two or more substances. Examples:
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) 2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + O2(g) 2NaN3(s) 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)
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Stoichiometry

Combustion Reactions
Combustion reactions are generally rapid reactions that produce a flame. Combustion reactions most often involve hydrocarbons reacting with oxygen in the air.

Examples:
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
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Stoichiometry

Single Replacement Reactions

In a Single Replacement Reaction, one element replaces another element in a compound.

Examples:
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) 2Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)
Stoichiometry

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Double Replacement Reactions

Precipitation Reactions Acid-Base Reactions/ Neutralization reactions In a Double Replacement Reaction, two compounds exchange ions to produce two new compounds. Cations exchange anions.

Examples:
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) PbI2(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)
2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Stoichiometry

Practice Problems
Balance the following equations and indicate the type of reaction taking place: 1) ____ NaBr + ____ H3PO4 ____ Na3PO4 + ____ HBr

Type of reaction: ____________________

2)

____ Ca(OH)2 + ____ Al2(SO4)3 ____ CaSO4 + ____ Al(OH)3

Type of reaction: ____________________

3)

____ Mg + ____ Fe2O3 ____ Fe + ____ MgO

Type of reaction: ____________________

4)

____ C2H4 + ____ O2 ____ CO2 + ____ H2O

Stoichiometry

Type of reaction: ____________________

Practice Problems
Balance the following equations and indicate the type of reaction taking place: 5) ____ PbSO4 ____ PbSO3 + ____ O2

Type of reaction: ____________________

6)

____ NH3 + ____ I2 ____ N2I6 + ____ H2

Type of reaction: ____________________

7)

____ H2O + ____ SO3 ____ H2SO4

Type of reaction: ____________________

8)

____ H2SO4 + ____ NH4OH ____ H2O + ____ (NH4)2SO4

Stoichiometry

Type of reaction: ____________________

Practice Problems
Write, balance and identify the type of the following equations. 1. nitrogen + hydrogen ammonia

2.

cupric oxide + hydrogen copper + water

3.

sodium + sulfuric acid sodium sulfate + hydrogen

4.

magnesium + hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride + hydrogen

5.

barium peroxide + sulfuric acid hydrogen peroxide + barium sulfate

Stoichiometry

Practice Problems
Write, balance and identify the type of the following equations. 6. potassium chlorate potassium chloride + oxygen

7.

water hydrogen + oxygen

8.

ferric oxide

iron + oxygen

9.

hydrogen + bismuth(III)oxide bismuth + water

10.

potassium carbonate + barium chloride potassium chloride + barium carbonate

Stoichiometry