Consists of those who apply OTs philosophical principle directly to practice without defining explicitly a scientific theory and

modify work in directive relationships between symptoms or behaviors and activities. Deals with treatment of long-term mentally ill in hospitals or in the community; OT in general hospitals or in day-treatment of chronic patients to independent living in the community. These populations can be treated with almost all OT theoretical approaches with appropriate modifications

They should benefit from Allens cognitive theory which provides a measure of functional level and task analysis procedure to guide treatment of chronic patients Other theoretical approaches include Fidlers rehabilitation approach, Human occupation model, Moseys acquisition of developmental FOR, Kings application of sensory integration The main point to stress here is the importance of using a conceptual model in clinical practice which guides systemic evaluation, interviewing and the research

This group presents practices which work also on the basis of OT philosophical principles, but in accordance with theories outside OT which are directly applied to practice. In this group, all ages are included and require long-term intervention in in-patient facilities. May include methods and techniques taken from other fields such as relaxation techniques, play and family therapy, and on psychodrama.

Describes OT interventions with specially defined populations such as children with autism, adolescents with conduct disorders, head injuries, and anorexia or bulimia nervosa. Could be incorporated within acquisitional frame of reference, or in combination with another model such as occupational behavior. Regarding children with autism, OT sensory integrative procedures may be beneficial for them.

With regard to head injuries, a cognitive approach based on neuropsychology in combination with Allens theory and in accordance with Lurias approach, could also be utilized. A cognitive group treatment can be based on Moseys activities groups and developmental frame of reference as presented by Lundgren and Persechino.

Another example of such applications, and although OT developed unique transformations of this knowledge base, these are not used.

This group consist of clinical procedures w/c are based on OT philosophical principles and accordance to define OT theories.

Dealing with pediatric in OT in integration with developmental perspectives Also utilized in forensic psychiatry On social skills training together with behavioural modification method.

Allens cognitive approach would be beneficial and seems in accordance with the practice described:
Sequencing steps in work accordance to

capability and success Structured task projects accordance to cognitive levels w/c are used to reorganized rehabilitation activity group

Acquisitional FOR (mosey) is mentioned together w/ fidlers concepts of doing although what is describe is not a fully systematic approach

Fidlers task oriented group Moseys activity group Howe & schwatzbergs functional group

Activities are among OTs legitimate tools and are part of almost all of the professions frame of reference as outline by Bruce

Allens cognitive approach a detailed description of task group according to cognitive level is provided by Erdhardt in Allen.

The problem are of the patient The characteristic of the population The age The setting in w/c the intervention takes place The therapists belief and expertise

Unfamiliarity w/ OT theory is among the reasons explaining the situation

Diane Gibson the editor of occupational mental health research

Wrote a compelling article : The death of

mental health research in OT, in w/c she stresses the need of research based on theoretical frameworks to substantiate our effectiveness in practice

Internalizing values and attitudes towards knowledge development is presented as central and critical for the future of OT and its credibility among the health professions. Without theory which guides practice and research no further growth is possible.

Presents findings from single subject research to demonstrate the effectiveness of treatment in specific cases. This method of research is advocated recently by Ottenbacher and Ottenbacher and Bonder as most appropriate and feasible method for clinical analysis. This methos of research should not be the only one but it provides practitioners w/c one more way to study their evaluation and treatment procedures.