Unil Ecch 26 Magnetism

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 26
Magnetism: Force and
Field
Magnets and Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Force and Field
Force on an Electric Current in a Magnetic
Field; Definition of B
Force on an Electric Charge Moving in a
Magnetic Field
The Hall Effect
Biot-Savart Law
Units of Chapter 26
B
Magnetic Dipoles
Torque on a Current Loop
Magnetic Matter
Amperes Law
Solenoids
Discovery and Properties of the Electron
Units of Chapter 26
Magnets have two
ends poles called
north and south.
Like poles repel;
unlike poles attract.
26-1 Magnets and Magnetic Fields
However, if you cut a magnet in half, you dont
get a north pole and a south pole you get two
smaller magnets.
Magnetic fields can be visualized using
magnetic field lines, which are always closed
loops.
B
The Earths magnetic field is similar to that of a
bar magnet.
Note that the Earths
North Pole is really
a south magnetic
pole, as the north
ends of magnets are
attracted to it.
A uniform magnetic field is constant in
magnitude and direction.
The field between
these two wide poles
is nearly uniform.
Experiment shows that an electric current
produces a magnetic field. The direction of the
field is given by a right-hand rule.
26-2/4 Magnetic Force and Field
26-2/4 Electric Currents Produce
Magnetic Fields
field due to a
current loop:
the direction is
again given by
a right-hand
rule.
A magnet exerts a
force on a current-
carrying wire. The
direction of the force
is given by a right-
hand rule.
26-2/4 Force on an Electric Current
in a Magnetic Field; Definition of B
B
The force on the wire depends on the
current, the length of the wire, the magnetic
field, and its orientation:
This equation defines the magnetic field B.
In vector notation:
in a Magnetic Field; Definition of B B
B
Unit of B: the tesla, T:
1 T = 1 N/A m.
Another unit sometimes used: the gauss (G):
1 G = 10
-4
T.
26-2/4 Force on an Electric Current in
a Magnetic Field; Definition of B B
Example 26-1: Magnetic Force
on a current-carrying wire.
A wire carrying a 30-A
current has a length l = 12
cm between the pole
faces of a magnet at an
angle = 60, as shown.
The magnetic field is
approximately uniform at
0.90 T. We ignore the field
beyond the pole pieces.
What is the magnitude of
the force on the wire?
B
Example 26-2: Measuring a magnetic
field.
A rectangular loop of wire hangs vertically as
shown. A magnetic field B is directed
horizontally, perpendicular to the wire, and
points out of the page at all points. The
magnetic field is very nearly uniform along
the horizontal portion of wire ab (length l =
10.0 cm) which is near the center of the gap
of a large magnet producing the field. The top
portion of the wire loop is free of the field.
The loop hangs from a balance which
measures a downward magnetic force (in
addition to the gravitational force) of F = 3.48
x 10
-2
N when the wire carries a current I =
0.245 A. What is the magnitude of the
magnetic field B?
B
B
Example 26-3: Magnetic Force
on a semicircular wire.
A rigid wire, carrying a
current I , consists of a
semicircle of radius R and two
straight portions as shown.
The wire lies in a plane
perpendicular to a uniform
magnetic field B
0
. Note choice
of x and y axis. The straight
portions each have length l
within the field. Determine the
net force on the wire due to
the magnetic field B
0
.
B
B
B
Current consists of moving charges, therefore:
The force on a moving charge is related to the
force on a current:
Once again, the
direction is given by
a right-hand rule.
Magnitude:
F = qvBsinu
26-2 Force on an Electric Charge
Moving in a Magnetic Field
Conceptual Example 26-4: Negative
charge near a magnet.
A negative charge -Q is placed at rest
near a magnet. Will the charge begin
to move? Will it feel a force? What if
the charge were positive, +Q?
Example 26-5: Magnetic force on a proton.
A magnetic field exerts a force of 8.0 x 10
-14
N toward the
west on a proton moving vertically upward at a speed of
5.0 x 10
6
m/s (a). When moving horizontally in a
northerly direction, the force on the proton is zero (b).
Determine the magnitude and direction of the magnetic
field in this region. (The charge on a proton is q = +e =
1.6 x 10
-19
C.)
26-2 Electromagnetic Force
Electricity and Magnetism are related, but not the
same.
Charged particles placed in area with both electric
and magnetic fields experience both forces
simultaneously:
= +
Electromagnetic Force
If a charged particle is
moving perpendicular
to a uniform magnetic
field, its path will be a
circle.
26-3 Charged Particles in Magnetic
Fields
Fields
Example 26-7: Electrons path in a
uniform magnetic field.
An electron travels at 2.0 x 10
7
m/s in a
plane perpendicular to a uniform
0.010-T magnetic field. Describe its
path quantitatively.
Fields
Results:
A particle moving in a plane perpendicular to
the uniform field undergoes uniform circular
motion:
2
mv mv
F qvB r
r qB
= = =
The cyclotron frequency is
1
2 2 ( / ) 2
v v qB
f
T r mv qB m t t t
= = = =
Fields
Conceptual Example 26-8: Stopping charged
particles.
Can a magnetic field be used to stop a single
charged particle, as an electric field can?
Problem solving: Magnetic fields things to
remember:
1. The magnetic force is perpendicular to the
magnetic field direction.
2. The right-hand rule is useful for determining
directions.
3. Equations in this chapter give magnitudes
only. The right-hand rule gives the direction.
26-3 Problem Solving
26-3 Summary of Right Hand Rules
Fields
Conceptual Example 26-9:
What is the path of a charged particle in a
uniform magnetic field if its velocity is not
perpendicular to the magnetic field?
Fields
The aurora borealis (northern lights) is caused
by charged particles from the solar wind
spiraling along the Earths magnetic field, and
colliding with air molecules.
26.3 Charged Particles in Magnetic Fields
In flight picture ( US to Paris) of aurora borealis
Moving in Magnetic and Electric Field
Conceptual Example 26-10:
Velocity selector, or filter: crossed
E and B fields.
Some electronic devices and experiments
need a beam of charged particles all
moving at nearly the same velocity. This
can be achieved using both a uniform
electric field and a uniform magnetic field,
arranged so they are at right angles to
each other. Particles of charge q pass
through slit S
1
and enter the region where
B points into the page and E points down
from the positive plate toward the
negative plate. If the particles enter with
different velocities, show how this device
selects a particular velocity, and
determine what this velocity is.
E B
B E
Mass spectrometer:
Separates ions according to ratio of charge to
mass analyzing unknown mixtures,
separation of isotopes
charged particle is moving through
perpendicular electric and magnetic fields, at
particular speed particle will not be deflected,
which then allows the measurement of its
mass:
26-3 Mass Spectrometer
All t atoms
reaching the
second magnetic
field will have the
same speed; their
radius of curvature
will depend on
their mass.
Example 26-11: Mass spectrometry.
Carbon atoms of atomic mass 12.0 u are
found to be mixed with another, unknown,
element. In a mass spectrometer with fixed B,
the carbon traverses a path of radius 22.4 cm
and the unknowns path has a 26.2-cm radius.
What is the unknown element? Assume the
ions of both elements have the same charge.
26-4 The Hall Effect
Current-carrying wire placed in
magnetic field:
sideways force on charge
carriers in wire
separation of charges across
wire
potential difference V
H
and
small electric field
across wire:
Hall effect.
V
H
differs in sign depending on
sign of charge; this is how it was
first determined that the charge
carriers in ordinary conductors
are negatively charged.
26-4 The Hall Effect
Example 26-12: Drift
velocity using the Hall
effect.
A long copper strip 1.8 cm
wide and 1.0 mm thick is
placed in a 1.2-T magnetic
field. When a steady current
of 15 A passes through it, the
Hall potential V
H
is measured
to be 1.02 V. Determine the
drift velocity of the electrons
and the density of free
(conducting) electrons
(number per unit volume) in
the copper.
26-5 Origin of Magnetic Field
Magnetic field not only produces forces on
moving electric charges, magnetic field also
arises from moving electric charge
The Biot-Savart law calculates magnetic field
due to an infinitesimal length of current:
0
2

4
I dL r
dB
r
t

=
total field can then be
found by integrating over
the total length of all
currents:
0
2

4
I dL r
B dB
r
t

= =
} }
(with
0
= 4t 10
7
N/A
2
permeability constant)
26-5 Biot-Savart Law
Example 26-13: B due to current I in straight wire.
For the field near a long straight wire carrying a
current I, show that the Biot-Savart law gives
B =
0
I /2r.
B
As found from BiotSavart Law:
Magnetic field due to a straight
wire is inversely proportional to
the distance from the wire:
The constant
0
is called the
permeability of free space,
and has the value
0
= 4 x 10
-7
T m/A.
26-5 Magnetic Field Due to a Straight
Wire
Wire
Example 26-14: Calculation of B
near a wire.
An electric wire in the wall of a
building carries a dc current of
25 A vertically upward. What is
the magnetic field due to this
current at a point P 10 cm due
north of the wire?
B
Wire
Example 26-15: Magnetic field midway between two
currents.
Two parallel straight wires 10.0 cm apart carry
currents in opposite directions. Current I
1
= 5.0 A is
out of the page, and I
2
= 7.0 A is into the page.
Determine the magnitude and direction of the
magnetic field halfway between the two wires.
Wire
Conceptual Example 26-16: Magnetic field due to
four wires.
This figure shows four long parallel wires which
carry equal currents into or out of the page. In
which configuration, (a) or (b), is the magnetic
field greater at the center of the square?
The magnetic field produced
at the position of wire 2 due
to the current in wire 1 is
The force this field exerts
on a length l
2
of wire 2 is
26-5 Force between Two Parallel Wires
Parallel
currents
attract;
antiparallel
currents repel.
Example 26-17. Force between
two current-carrying wires.
The two wires of a 2.0-m-long
appliance cord are 3.0 mm apart
and carry a current of 8.0 A dc.
Calculate the force one wire
exerts on the other.
Example 26-18: Suspending a wire with a current.
A horizontal wire carries a current I
1
= 80 A dc. A
second parallel wire 20 cm below it must carry
how much current I
2
so that it doesnt fall due to
gravity? The lower wire has a mass of 0.12 g per
meter of length.
A Current-loops magnetic
field is:

For large distances x >> a, the
loop radius is:

26-6 Magnetic Dipoles

B =

0
Ia
2
2x
3
1/x
3
dependence is the same as the inverse-cube
dependence of the electric field of an electric
dipole:
current loop constitutes a magnetic dipole
2
0 0
2 2 3/ 2 2 2 3/ 2
loop
4 ( ) 2( )
x
Ia Ia
B dB dl
x a x a

t
= = =
+ +
} }
The dipole moment is = IA,
with A the loop area. For an N-
turn loop, = NIA.
Thus,

Direction of dipole moment
vector is perpendicular to loop
area.
The fields of electric and
magnetic dipoles are similar
far from their sources, but
differ close to the sources.
26-6 Magnetic Dipoles
0
3
2
B
x

t
=
There is no magnetic analog of electric charge!
Magnetic monopoles (if they existed) would be
source of radial magnetic field lines beginning
on the monopoles, just as electric field lines
begin on point charges.
dipole is simplest magnetic configuration.
The absence of magnetic monopoles is
expressed in Gausss law for magnetism, one
of the four fundamental laws of
electromagnetism :
26-6 Dipoles and Monopoles
The forces on opposite
sides of a current loop
will be equal and
opposite (if the field is
uniform and the loop is
symmetric), but there
may be a torque.
The magnitude of the
torque is given by
26-6 Torque on a Current Loop
(Magnetic Dipole)
with
The potential energy U of the loop
depends on its orientation in the field:
Incorporating direction: B t =
Nonuniform field: dipole also experiences
a net force
Example 26-19: Torque on a coil.
A circular coil of wire has a diameter of
20.0 cm and contains 10 loops. The
current in each loop is 3.00 A, and the coil
is placed in a 2.00-T external magnetic
field. Determine the maximum and
minimum torque exerted on the coil by the
field.
26-6 Applications: Motors,
Loudspeakers, Galvanometers
An electric motor uses the torque on a
current loop in a magnetic field to turn
magnetic energy into kinetic energy.
Loudspeakers use the
principle that a
magnet exerts a force
on a current-carrying
wire to convert
electrical signals into
mechanical vibrations,
producing sound.
A galvanometer
takes advantage of
the torque on a
current loop to
measure current; the
spring constant is
calibrated so the
scale reads in
amperes.
Magnetism in matter arises
from atomic current loops
associated with orbiting
and spinning electrons.
26-7 Magnetic Matter
ferromagnetic materials: strong interactions
among individual magnetic dipoles result in
large-scale magnetic properties, including
strong attraction to magnets.
Paramagnetic materials exhibit much weaker
magnetism.
Diamagnetic materials respond oppositely, and
are repelled by magnets.
Ferromagnetic materials: can
become strongly magnetized,
such as iron and nickel.
These materials are made up
of tiny regions called
domains; the magnetic field in
each domain is in a single
direction.
26-7 Ferromagnetism
When the material is unmagnetized, the
domains are randomly oriented. They can be
partially or fully aligned by placing the material
in an external magnetic field.
A magnet, if undisturbed, will tend to retain its
magnetism. It can be demagnetized by shock or
heat. Above Curie Temperature (1043 K for iron)
magnets cant be made.
The relationship between the external magnetic
field and the internal field in a ferromagnet is
not simple, as the magnetization can vary.
26-7 Ferromagnetism
On the atomic level:
26-7 Ferromagnetism
26-7 Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism
Molecules of paramagnetic materials have a
small intrinsic magnetic dipole moment, and
they tend to align somewhat with an external
magnetic field, increasing it slightly.
Molecules of diamagnetic materials have no
intrinsic magnetic dipole moment; an
external field induces a small dipole moment,
but in such a way that the total field is
slightly decreased.
Ampres law relates the
magnetic field around a
closed loop to the total
current flowing through the
loop:
26-8 Ampres Law
This integral is taken
around the edge of the
closed loop.
Ampres law:
wherever the integral of the magnetic field
around a closed loop is nonzero, then there
must be current flowing through the area
bounded by the loop.
26-8 Ampres Law
Example:
Currents in the three wires
shown are the same, but one
is opposite the other two. If
around loop 2,
which current is the opposite
one?

26-8 Ampres Law
Using Ampres law to find
the field around a long
straight wire:
Use a circular path with the
wire at the center; then B is
tangent to dl at every point.
The integral then gives
so B =
0
I /2r, as before (Biot-Savart Law).
B
26-8 Ampres Law
Solving problems using Ampres law:
Ampres law is only useful for solving
problems when there is a great deal of
symmetry. Identify the symmetry.
Choose an integration path that reflects the
symmetry (typically, the path is along lines
where the field is constant and perpendicular
to the field where it is changing).
Use the symmetry to determine the direction
of the field.
Determine the enclosed current.
26-8 Ampres Law
Example 26-20: Field inside
and outside a wire.
A long straight cylindrical wire
conductor of radius R carries a
current I of uniform current density
in the conductor. Determine the
magnetic field due to this current
at (a) points outside the conductor
(r > R) and (b) points inside the
conductor (r < R). Assume that r,
the radial distance from the axis, is
much less than the length of the
wire. (c) If R = 2.0 mm and I = 60 A,
what is B at r = 1.0 mm, r = 2.0 mm,
and r = 3.0 mm?
26-8 Fields of Simple Current
Distributions
26-8 Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
A solenoid is a coil of wire containing
many loops. To find the field inside, we use
Ampres law along the path indicated in
the figure.
The field is zero outside the
solenoid, and the path integral
is zero along the vertical lines,
so the field inside an solenoid
is B =
0
nI
(n is the number of loops (or
turns) per unit length)
Example 26-21: Field inside a solenoid.
A thin 10-cm-long solenoid used for fast
electromechanical switching has a total of
400 turns of wire and carries a current of
2.0 A. Calculate the field inside near the
center.
If a piece of iron is
inserted in the
solenoid, the
magnetic field greatly
increases. Such
electromagnets have
many practical
applications.
26-8 Electromagnets and Solenoids
Applications
26 Discovery and Properties of the
Electron
Electrons were first observed in cathode ray tubes.
These tubes had a very small amount of gas inside,
and when a high voltage was applied to the cathode,
some cathode rays appeared to travel from the
cathode to the anode.
Electron
The value of e/m for the cathode rays was
measured in 1897 using the apparatus below; it
was then that the rays began to be called
electrons.
Figure 27-30 goes here.

Electron
Millikan measured the electron charge directly
shortly thereafter, using the oil-drop apparatus
diagrammed below, and showed that the
electron was a constituent of the atom (and not
an atom itself, as its mass is far too small).
The currently accepted
values of the electron
mass and charge are
m = 9.1 x 10
-31
kg
e = 1.6 x 10
-19
C

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