PAPANICOLAOU TEST

(also

called Pap smear, Pap test, cervical smear, or smear test) - Is taken for early detection of cervical cancer and diagnosis of precancerous and cancerous conditions of the vulva and vagina. It also reveals inflammatory and infectious disease of the female reproductive system.

SPECULUM

A speculum is an instrument that allows the vagina and the cervix to be viewed and examined.)

HOW IS A PAP SMEAR DONE?

A woman should have a Pap smear when she is not menstruating. The best time for screening is between 10 and 20 days after the first day of her menstrual period. For about two days before testing, a woman should avoid douching or using spermicidal foams, creams, or jellies or vaginal medicines (except as directed by a physician). These agents may wash away or hide any abnormal cervical cells

PROCEDURE

With the woman positioned on her back, the clinician will often first examine the outside of the patient's genital and rectal areas, including the urethra (the opening where urine leaves the body), to assure that they look normal. A speculum is then inserted into the vaginal area (the birth canal). (A speculum is an instrument that allows the vagina and the cervix to be viewed and examined.) A cotton swab is sometimes used to clear away mucus that might interfere with an optimal sample.

A small brush called a cervical brush is then inserted into the opening of the cervix (the cervical os) and twirled around to collect a sample of cells. Because this sample comes from inside the cervix, is called the endocervical sample ("endo" meaning inside). A second sample is also collected as part of the Pap smear and is called the ectocervical sample ("ecto" meaning outside). These cells are collected from a scraping of the area surrounding, but not entering, the cervical os. Both the endocervical and the ectocervical samples are gently smeared on a glass slide and a fixative (a preservative) is used to prepare the cells on the slide for laboratory evaluation

WHAT ARE THE RISKS OF HAVING A PAP SMEAR?

There are absolutely no known medical risks associated with Pap smear screening. (However, there are medical risks from not having a Pap smear.)

CERVIX

INTERMITTENT POSSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILLATION

INTERMITTENT POSSITIVE PRESSURE

VENTILLATION

intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV) the provision of mechanical ventilation by a machine designed to deliver breathing gas until equilibrium is established between the patient's lungs and the ventilator. IPPV machines are positive-pressure, pressure-cycled, assister-controller (pneumatic) devices. Because of their compact size and capability of operating independently of an electrical current, the IPPV machines have the most widespread applicability in the employment of a form of treatment called intermittent positive-pressure breathing.

INDICATIONS

IPPB may be indicated for patients who are at risk for developing atelectasis and who are unable or unwilling to breathe deeply without assistance.[3] In patients with severe lung hyperinflation, IPPB may decrease dyspnea and discomfort during nebulized therapy