Fundamental Computer Science

Chapter 2
Computer Hardware:
Input device Output device CPU Memory Storage Communication device
1
What Is Input?
Input is any data and instructions entered into the memory of a computer
What Are Input Devices
An input device is any hardware component that allows users to enter data and instructions into a computer
The Keyboard
A keyboard is an input device that contains keys users press to enter data and instructions into a computer
The Keyboard
Most desktop computer keyboards have
The Keyboard
The insertion point, also known as the cursor, is a symbol on the screen that indicates where the next character you type will appear
The Keyboard
Wired Keyboards
Wireless Keyboards
USB port
Bluetooth
IrDA
7
The Keyboard
An ergonomic keyboard has a design that reduces the chance of wrist and hand injuries Ergonomics incorporates comfort, efficiency, and safety into the design of the workplace
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 5, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Ergonomics below Chapter 5
The Keyboard
Keyboards on mobile devices typically are smaller and/or have fewer keys Some phones have predictive text input, which saves time when entering text using the phones keypad
Pointing Devices
10
Mouse
A mouse is a pointing device that fits under the palm of your hand comfortably
Most widely used pointing device on desktop computers
A mouse can be wired or wireless
11
Other Pointing Devices
Trackball
Touchpad
A trackball is a stationary pointing device with a ball on its top or side
A touchpad is a small, flat, rectangular pointing device that is sensitive to pressure and motion
Pointing Stick
A pointing stick is a pressuresensitive pointing device shaped like a pencil eraser that is positioned between keys on a keyboard
12
Touch Screens and Touch-Sensitive Pads

A touch screen is a touch-sensitive display device
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 5, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Multi-Touch Screens below Chapter 5
13
Touch Screens and Touch-Sensitive Pads

Microsoft Surface Touch-sensitive pads
14
Pen Input
With pen input, you touch a stylus or digital pen on a flat surface to write, draw, or make selections
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 5, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Signature Capture Pads below Chapter 5
15
Scanners and Reading Devices
Flatbed Pen or Handheld
Sheet-fed
Drum
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17

Optical character recognition (OCR) involves reading characters from ordinary documents A turnaround document is a document you return to the company that creates and sends it
18

Optical mark recognition (OMR) reads hand-drawn marks such as small circles or rectangles An OMR device scans the documents and matches the patterns of light
19

A bar code reader, also called a bar code scanner uses laser beams to read bar codes
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 5, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Bar Code Readers below Chapter 5
20

RFID (radio frequency identification) uses radio signals to communicate with a tag placed in or attached to an object An RFID reader reads information on the tag via radio waves RFID can track:
Tracking times of runners in a marathon
Tracking location of soldiers
Employee wardrobes
Airline baggage
Checking lift tickets of skiers
Managing inventory
Gauging pressure and temperature of tires
Checking out library books
Tracking toll payments
21

Magnetic stripe card readers read the magnetic stripe on the back of cards such as: Credit cards
Entertainment cards Bank cards Other similar cards

22

MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) devices read text printed with magnetized ink An MICR reader converts MICR characters into a form the computer can process Banking industry uses MICR for check processing
23

Data collection devices obtain data directly at the location where the transaction or event takes place Used in:
Restaurants Grocery stores Factories Warehouses The outdoors
24
Digital Cameras
A digital camera is a mobile device that allows users to take pictures and store them digitally
Studio cameras Field cameras
Point-and-shoot camera
Page 272 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 5 25
Digital Cameras
Page 272 Figure 5-20
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 5
26
Digital Cameras
Two factors affect the quality of digital camera photos:
Resolution
Resolution is the number of horizontal and vertical pictures in a display device A pixel is the smallest element in an electronic display
Number of bits stored in each pixel

Page 273
Each pixel consists of one or more bits of data The more bits used to represent a pixel, the more colors and shades of gray that can be represented
27
Voice Input
Voice input is the process of entering input by speaking into a microphone Voice recognition is the computers capability of distinguishing spoken words
28
Voice Input
Audio input is the process of entering any sound into the computer
Speech
Music
Sound Effects
Voice Input
Music production software allows users to record, compose, mix, and edit music and sounds
30
Video Input
Video input is the process of capturing full-motion images and storing them on a computers storage medium
Record video on a digital video (DV) camera or use a video capture card to convert analog signals to digital
Connect the camera to a port on the system unit
Transfer video and images
Page 275
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Video Input
32
Video Input
A Web cam is a type of digital video camera that enables a user to:
Capture video and still images
Send e-mail messages with video attachments
Add live images to instant messages
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 5, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Web Cams below Chapter 5
Broadcast live images over the Internet
Make video telephone calls
Pages 275 - 276
33
Video Input
A video conference is a meeting between two or more geographically separated people
Pages 276 277 Figures 5-25 5-26
34
Biometric Input
Biometrics authenticates a persons identity by verifying a personal characteristic
Fingerprint reader Voice verification system Face recognition system Signature verification system Retinal scanners
Pages 282 - 283 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 5 35
Hand geometry system Iris recognition system
Biometric Input
hand geometry system
iris recognition system

Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 5, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Biometric Input below Chapter 5
fingerprint reader
Pages 282 283 Figures 5-37 5-39
36
Terminals
A terminal is a computer that allows users to send data to and/or receive information from a host computer
A POS terminal records purchases, processes payment, and updates inventory
An automated teller machine (ATM) allows users to access their bank accounts
A DVD kiosk is a self-service DVD rental machine
Pages 284 285 Figures 5-40 5-42
37
What Is Output?
Output is data that has been processed into a useful form
Pages 304 305 Figure 6-1
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
38
What Is Output?
An output device is any type of hardware component that conveys information to one or more people
Display devices Printers Speakers, headphones, and earbuds Data projectors
Interactive whiteboards
Force-feedback game controllers
Tactile output
Page 305
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Display Devices
A display device visually conveys text, graphics, and video information A monitor is packaged as a separate peripheral
LCD monitor Widescreen
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 6, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Widescreen LCD Monitors below Chapter 6
Pages 306 207 Figures 6-2 6-3
40
Display Devices
Liquid crystal display (LCD) uses a liquid compound to present information on a display device
Page 308
41
Display Devices
A CRT monitor is a desktop monitor that contains a cathode-ray tube
Have a much larger footprint than do LCD monitors
42
Printers
A printer produces text and graphics on a physical medium
Printed information is called a hard copy, or printout Landscape or portrait orientation
43
Printers
44
Printers
A nonimpact printer forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper without actually striking the paper
Ink-jet printers Photo printers Label and postage printers Laser printers Thermal printers Largeformat printers
45
Mobile printers
Plotters
Page 315
Printers
An ink-jet printer forms characters and graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper
Color or black-and-white Printers with a higher dpi (dots per inch) produce a higher quality output
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 6, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Ink-Jet Printers below Chapter 6
46
Printers
A photo printer produces color photo-lab-quality pictures

Most use ink-jet technology PictBridge allows you to print photos directly from a digital camera Print from a memory card and preview photos on a built-in LCD screen
Page 318
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Printers
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 6, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Photo Printers below Chapter 6
48
Printers
Highspeed
Blackandwhite
Laser printer
Highquality
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 6, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Laser Printers below Chapter 6
Color
Pages 319 - 320
49
Printers
A multifunction peripheral (MFP) is a single device that prints, scans, copies, and in some cases, faxes
Sometimes called an all-in-one device
50
Printers
A thermal printer generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against the heat-sensitive paper
Thermal wax-transfer printer Dye-sublimation printer

51
Printers
A mobile printer is a small, lightweight, battery-powered printer that allows a mobile user to print from a notebook computer, smart phone, or other mobile device
52
Printers
A label printer is a small printer that prints on adhesive-type material A postage printer prints postage stamps
Postage also can be printed on other types of printers
53
Printers
Plotters are used to produce high-quality drawings Large-format printers create photo-realistic quality color prints on a larger scale
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 6, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Large-Format Printers below Chapter 6
54
Printers
Impact printers form characters and graphics on a piece of paper by striking a mechanism against an inked ribbon that physically contacts the paper
Dot-matrix printer
Pages 322 - 323
Line printer
55
Printers
A dot-matrix printer produces printed images when tiny wire pins on a print head mechanism strike an inked ribbon A line printer prints an entire line at a time
56
Speakers, Headphones, and Earbuds

An audio output device produces music, speech, or other sounds
Most computer users attach speakers to their computers to:

Generate higher-quality sounds for playing games Interact with multimedia presentations Listen to music View movies
57

Headphones are speakers that cover or are placed outside of the ear Earbuds (also called earphones) rest inside the ear canal
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 6, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Earbuds below Chapter 6
58

Some speakers are specifically designed to play audio from a portable media player
Wireless speakers
59
Voice output occurs when you hear a persons voice or when the computer talks to you through the speakers
Some Web sites dedicate themselves to providing voice output Often works with voice input VoIP uses voice output and voice input
Page 325
60
Other Output Devices

Other output devices are available for specific uses and applications
Data projectors
Interactive whiteboards
Force-feedback game controllers

Page 325
Tactile output
61

A data projector is a device that takes the text and images displaying on a computer screen and projects them on a larger screen
LCD projector Digital light processing (DLP) projector
Pages 325 - 326 Figure 6-29
62

An interactive whiteboard is a touch-sensitive device, resembling a dry-erase board, that displays the image on a connected computer screen
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 6, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click SMART Board below Chapter 6
63

Force-feedback sends resistance to the device in response to actions of the user Tactile output provides the user with a physical response from the device
64
Processor
The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer
Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
Multi-core processor
Page 213
Dual-core processor
Quad-core processor
65
Processor
Page 213 Figure 4-4
66
Processor
The control unit is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Control Unit below Chapter 4
Page 214
67
Processor
For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycle
Page 215 Figure 4-5
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Processor
Most current personal computers support pipelining
Processor begins fetching a second instruction before it completes the machine cycle for the first instruction
69
Processor
The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data and instructions
The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations
Page 216
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Processor
The leading manufacturers of personal computer processor chips are Intel and AMD
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Multi-Core Processors below Chapter 4
71
Processor
A processor chip generates heat that could cause the chip to burn up Require additional cooling
Heat sinks Liquid cooling technology
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Liquid Cooling below Chapter 4
Pages 219 - 220 Figures 4-9 4-10
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Memory
Each location in memory has an address Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB)
73
Memory
The system unit contains two types of memory:
Volatile memory
Loses its contents when power is turned off
Nonvolatile memory
Does not lose contents when power is removed Examples include ROM, flash memory, and CMOS
74
Example includes RAM
Pages 223 - 224
Memory
Three basic types of RAM chips exist:
Dynamic RAM (DRAM) Static RAM (SRAM) Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM)
75
Memory
RAM chips usually reside on a memory module and are inserted into memory slots
76
Memory
The amount of RAM necessary in a computer often depends on the types of software you plan to use
77
Memory
Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer because it stores frequently used instructions and data
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Windows ReadyBoost below Chapter 4
78
Memory
Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips storing permanent data and instructions A PROM (programmable read-only memory) chip is a blank ROM chip that can be written to permanently
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click ROM below Chapter 4
Page 228
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Memory
Flash memory can be erased electronically and rewritten
CMOS technology provides high speeds and consumes little power
80
Storage
Storage holds data, instructions, and information for future use A storage medium is the physical material on which a computer keeps data, instructions, and information
Pages 352 - 353 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 7 81
Storage
82
Storage
Capacity is the number of bytes a storage medium can hold
Page 354 Figure 7-2
83
Storage
A storage device is the computer hardware that records and/or retrieves items to and from storage media
Reading is the process of transferring items from a storage medium into memory Writing is the process of transferring items from memory to a storage medium
Hard Disks
A hard disk contains one or more inflexible, circular platters that use magnetic particles to store data, instructions, and information
Page 355 Figure 7-5
85
Hard Disks
Hard disks can store data using longitudinal recording or perpendicular recording
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 7, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Perpendicular Recording below Chapter 7
Page 356 Figure 7-6
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Hard Disks
Formatting is the process of dividing the disk into tracks and sectors so that the operating system can store and locate data and information on the disk
Page 357 Figure 7-7
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Hard Disks
RAID (redundant array of independent disks) is a group of two or more integrated hard disks A network attached storage (NAS) device is a server connected to a network with the sole purpose of providing storage
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 7, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Network Attached Storage below Chapter 7
88
Hard Disks
An external hard disk is a separate freestanding hard disk that connects to your computer with a cable or wirelessly A removable hard disk is a hard disk that you insert and remove from a drive Internal and external hard disks are available in miniature sizes (miniature hard disks)
Pages 360 361 Figures 7-14 7-15
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Flash Memory Storage

Flash memory chips are a type of solid state media and contain no moving parts Solid state drives (SSDs) have several advantages over magnetic hard disks:
Faster access time
Faster transfer rates
Generate less heat and consume less power
Last longer
Pages 362 - 363
90
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 7, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Solid State Drives below Chapter 7
91

A memory card is a removable flash memory device that you insert and remove from a slot in a computer, mobile device, or card reader/writer
CompactFlash (CF) Secure Digital (SD) Secure Digital High Capacity (SDHC)
microSD
microSDHC
xD Picture Card
Memory Stick
Memory Stick Micro (M2)

92
Page 364
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 7, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click SDHC Cards below Chapter 7
Pages 364 365 Figures 7-18 7-19
93

USB flash drives plug into a USB port on a computer or mobile device
94

An ExpressCard module is a removable device that fits in an ExpressCard slot Developed by the PCMCIA Commonly used in notebook computers
95
Cloud Storage
Cloud storage is an Internet service that provides storage to computer users
96
Cloud Storage
97
Optical Discs
An optical disc consists of a flat, round, portable disc made of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is written and read by a laser Typically store software, data, digital photos, movies, and music Read only vs. rewritable
98
Optical Discs
A CD-ROM can be read from but not written to
Read from a CD-ROM drive or CD-ROM player
A CD-R is a multisession optical disc on which users can write, but not erase
A CD-RW is an erasable multisession disc
Must have a CD-RW drive
99
Optical Discs
A DVD-ROM is a high-capacity optical disc on which users can read but not write or erase
Requires a DVD-ROM drive
A Blu-ray Disc-ROM (BD-ROM) has a storage capacity of 100 GB
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 7, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Blu-ray below Chapter 7
DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD+RAM are high-capacity rewritable DVD formats

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 7 100
Other Types of Storage
Page 376
101

Tape is a magnetically coated ribbon of plastic capable of storing large amounts of data and information A tape drive reads and writes data and information on a tape
102

A magnetic stripe card contains a magnetic stripe that stores information A smart card stores data on a thin microprocessor embedded in the card
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 7, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Smart Cards below Chapter 7
103

Microfilm and microfiche store microscopic images of documents on a roll or sheet film
104

Enterprise storage stores huge volumes of data and information for large businesses
Uses special hardware for heavy use, maximum availability, and maximum efficiency
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 7, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Enterprise Storage below Chapter 7
105
Communications
Computer communications describes a process in which two or more computers or devices transfer data, instructions, and information
Sending device
Communications channel
Receiving device
Page 460
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Communications
107
Communications Devices
A communications device is any type of hardware capable of transmitting data, instructions, and information between a sending device and a receiving device A dial-up modem converts signals between analog and digital
Page 485
108
A digital modem sends and receives data and information to and from a digital line
DSL modem
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 9, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Cable Modems below Chapter 9
Cable modem
Page 486
109
Page 486 Figures 9-26 9-27
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A wireless modem uses the cell phone network to connect to the Internet wirelessly from a notebook computer, a smart phone, or other mobile device
111
A network card enables a computer or device to access a network Available in a variety of styles Wireless network cards often have an antenna
112
A wireless access point is a central communications device that allows computers and devices to transfer data wirelessly among themselves or to a wired network
113
A router connects multiple computers or other routers together and transmits data to its correct destination on a network Many are protected by a hardware firewall
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 9, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Wireless Routers below Chapter 9
114
A hub or switch connects several devices in a network together
115

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Chapter 2

What Are Input Devices

A mouse can be wired or wireless

Other Pointing Devices

A trackball is a stationary pointing device with a ball on its top or side

Touch Screens and Touch-Sensitive Pads

Touch Screens and Touch-Sensitive Pads

Scanners and Reading Devices

Flatbed Pen or Handheld

Scanners and Reading Devices

Scanners and Reading Devices

Scanners and Reading Devices

Scanners and Reading Devices

Scanners and Reading Devices

Tracking times of runners in a marathon

Tracking location of soldiers

Checking lift tickets of skiers

Gauging pressure and temperature of tires

Checking out library books

Tracking toll payments

Scanners and Reading Devices

Entertainment cards Bank cards Other similar cards

Scanners and Reading Devices

Scanners and Reading Devices

Studio cameras Field cameras

Page 272 Figure 5-20

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 5

Number of bits stored in each pixel

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 5

Page 274 Figure 5-22

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 5

Page 274 Figure 5-23

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 5

Connect the camera to a port on the system unit

Transfer video and images

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 5

Page 275 Figure 5-24

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 5

Send e-mail messages with video attachments

Add live images to instant messages

Broadcast live images over the Internet

Make video telephone calls

Pages 275 - 276

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 5

Pages 276 277 Figures 5-25 5-26

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 5

Hand geometry system Iris recognition system

iris recognition system

Pages 282 283 Figures 5-37 5-39

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 5

A POS terminal records purchases, processes payment, and updates inventory

A DVD kiosk is a self-service DVD rental machine

Pages 284 285 Figures 5-40 5-42

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 5

Pages 304 305 Figure 6-1

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World

Force-feedback game controllers

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World

Pages 306 207 Figures 6-2 6-3

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World

Page 313 Figure 6-10

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World

Page 313 Figure 6-11