EFD 502 ADVANCED STATISTICS WITH COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
A REPORT PREPARED BY GROUP 3
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Learn the reasons for sampling

Develop an understanding about different sampling methods

Distinguish between probability & non probability sampling Discuss the relative advantages & disadvantages of each sampling methods

WHY SAMPLE?

Can you gather data from the entire population? Can you finish your study in a given period of time considering you have to use the entire population of your study? How can you save money, resources and lessen your efforts on your study?

SAMPLING

A sample is a smaller (but hopefully representative) collection of units from a population used to determine truths about that population The sampling frame is the list from which the potential respondents are drawn Registrars office Class rosters

SAMPLING

POPULATION DEFINITION

A population can be defined as all people or items with the characteristic one wishes to understand. A population is a collection of data whose properties are analyzed. The population is the complete collection to be studied, it contains all subjects of interest.

SAMPLING

GENERAL REASONS WHY WE SAMPLE

Saves

resources (time, money) and effort/workload results with known accuracy that can be calculated mathematically

Gives

SAMPLING

WHEN MIGHT YOU SAMPLE THE ENTIRE POPULATION?

When
When When

your population is very small

you have extensive resources

you dont expect a very high response

SAMPLING

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SAMPLE REPRESENTATIVENESS?

Sampling procedure Sample size

Participation (response)

SAMPLING

Probability

(Random) Sampling Sampling

Non-Probability

TYPES OF SAMPLING
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PROBABILITY SAMPLING

A probability sampling method is any method of sampling that utilizes some form of random selection. In order to have a random selection method, you must set up some process or procedure that assures that the different units in your population have equal probabilities of being chosen. Humans have long practiced various forms of random selection, such as picking a name out of a hat, or choosing the short straw. These days, we tend to use computers as the mechanism for generating random numbers as the basis for random selection.

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A probability sampling scheme is one in which every unit in the population has a chance (greater than zero) of being selected in the sample, and this probability can be accurately determined.

PROBABILITY SAMPLING.

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Probability Sampling includes:

Simple Random Sampling Systematic Sampling Stratified Random Sampling

PROBABILITY SAMPLING.

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NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING

A type of unit sampling where it is not known which of the units will be picked to be sampled, and where some of the units have a zero probability of being chosen. In addition, nonresponse effects may turn any probability design into a nonprobability design if the characteristics of nonresponse are not well understood, since nonresponse effectively modifies each element's probability of being sampled.

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Nonprobability Sampling includes:

Accidental Sampling Quota Sampling Purposive Sampling Snowball Sampling

NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING

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PROBABILITY SAMPLING

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

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SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

In statistics, a simple random sample is a subset of individuals (a sample) chosen from a larger set (a population). Each individual is chosen randomly and entirely by chance, such that each individual has the same probability of being chosen at any stage during the sampling process, and each subset of k individuals has the same probability of being chosen for the sample as any other subset of k individuals. Simple random sampling is a basic type of sampling, since it can be a component of other more complex sampling methods. The principle of simple random sampling is that every object has the same probability of being chosen.
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SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

Applicable when population is small, homogeneous & readily available All subsets of the frame are given an equal probability. Each element of the frame thus has an equal probability of selection. It provides for greatest number of possible samples. This is done by assigning a number to each unit in the sampling frame. A table of random number or lottery system is used to determine which units are to be selected.
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SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

WHEN TO USE:
Simple random sampling best suits situations where not much information is available about the population and data collection can be efficiently conducted on randomly distributed items, or where the cost of sampling is small enough to make efficiency less important than simplicity.

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

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Advantages Advantages are that it is free of classification error, and it requires minimum advance knowledge of the population other than the frame.

Disadvantages If sampling frame large, this method impracticable. Minority subgroups of interest in population may not be present in sample in sufficient numbers for study.

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

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PROBABILITY SAMPLING

SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
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SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

A method of sampling from a list of the population so that the sample is made up of every kth member on the list, after randomly selecting a starting point from 1 to k. Systematic sampling relies on arranging the target population according to some ordering scheme and then selecting elements at regular intervals through that ordered list. A simple example would be to select every 10th name from the telephone directory (an 'every 10th' sample, also referred to as 'sampling with a skip of 10').

SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
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EXAMPLE
Consider choosing a systematic sample of 20 members from a population list numbered from 1 to 836. To find k, divide 836 by 20 to get 41.8. Rounding gives k = 42. Randomly select a number from 1 to 42, say 18. Start at the person numbered 18 and then choose every 42nd member of the list. The sample is made up of those numbered: 18, 60, 102, 144, 186, 228, 270, 312, 354, 396, 438, 480, 522, 564, 606, 648, 690, 732, 774, 816 Sometimes rounding may cause the sample size to be one more or one less than the desired size. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

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ADVANTAGES: Sample easy to select Suitable sampling frame can be identified easily Sample evenly spread over entire reference population DISADVANTAGES: Sample may be biased if hidden periodicity in population coincides with that of selection. Difficult to assess precision of estimate from one survey.

SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
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PROBABILITY SAMPLING

STRATIFIED SAMPLING
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STRATIFIED SAMPLING

A stratified sample is a probability sampling technique in which the researcher divides the entire target population into different subgroups, or strata, and then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from the different strata.

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WHEN TO USE:

When surveying a large population that is very diverse When the researcher wants to highlight specific subgroups within the population. When they want to observe relationships between two or more subgroups When the researchers are interested in rare extremes of a population
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
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ADVANTAGES
Guarantees better coverage of the population Always achieves greater precision than simple random sampling (largely unbiased and accurate)

STRATIFIED SAMPLING
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DISADVANTAGES
It can be difficult to identify appropriate strata for a study It is more complex to organize and analyze the results

STRATIFIED SAMPLING
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NONPROBABILTY SAMPLING

ACCIDENTAL SAMPLING
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ACCIDENTAL SAMPLING
Sometimes known as grab or opportunity sampling or convenience or haphazard sampling.

A type of non-probability sampling which involves the sample being drawn from that part of the population which is close to hand. That is a sample population selected because it is readily available and convenient.

ACCIDENTAL SAMPLING...

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The Advantages of this type of sampling are the availability and the quickness with which data can be gathered The disadvantages are the risk that the sample might not represent the population as a whole, and it might be biased by volunteers.

ACCIDENTAL SAMPLING...

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NONPROBABILTY SAMPLING

QUOTA SAMPLING
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DEFINITION
Quota sampling is a non-probability sampling technique wherein the assembled sample has the same proportions of individuals as the entire population with respect to known characteristics, traits or focused phenomenon.

QUOTA SAMPLING

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CREATING A QUOTA SAMPLE

To create a quota sample, there are three steps: (1) choosing the relevant stratification and dividing the population accordingly; (2) calculating a quota for each stratum; and (3) continuing to invite cases until the quota for each stratum is met.

QUOTA SAMPLING

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES (LIMITATIONS) OF QUOTA SAMPLING

ADVANTAGES Quota sampling is particularly useful when you are unable to obtain a probability sample, Quota sampling is much quicker and easier to carry out because it does not require a sampling frame and the strict use of random sampling techniques The quota sample improves the representation of particular strata (groups) within the population, as well as ensuring that these strata are not overrepresented.
QUOTA SAMPLING
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES (LIMITATIONS) OF QUOTA SAMPLING

DISADVANTAGES In quota sampling, the sample has not been chosen using random selection, which makes it impossible to determine the possible sampling error. This can lead to problems of generalization. Quota sampling be biased because not everyone gets chance of selection

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NONPROBABILTY SAMPLING

PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
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NONPROBABILTY SAMPLING

SNOWBALL SAMPLING
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SNOWBALL SAMPLING
Also known as chain sampling, sampling, referral sampling chain-referral

Snowball sampling uses a small pool of initial informants to nominate, through their social networks, other participants who meet the eligibility criteria and could potentially contribute to a specific study. The term "snowball sampling" reflects an analogy to a snowball increasing in size as it rolls downhill

SNOWBALL SAMPLING...

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METHOD:
Draft up a participation program (likely to be subject to change, but indicative). 1. Approach stakeholders and ask for contacts. 2. Gain contacts and ask them to participate. 3. Community issues groups may emerge that can be included in the participation program. 4. Continue the snowballing with contacts to gain more stakeholders if necessary. 5. Ensure a diversity of contacts by widening the profile of persons involved in the snowballing exercise.

SNOWBALL SAMPLING...

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WHEN TO USE:
Pre-assumption: The participants are likely to know others who share the characteristics that makes them eligible for inclusion in the study. There are many reasons why an individual may want to use snowball sampling across any industry, research, job, etc. Specific to business and marketing, however, snowball sampling can be used to things such as identify experts in a certain field, product, manufacturing processes, customer relation methods, etc

SNOWBALL SAMPLING...

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ADVANTAGES:
1. Locate hidden populations: It is possible for the surveyors to include people in the survey that they would not have known. 2. Locating people of a specific population: There is no lists or other obvious sources for locating members of the population of specific interest. 3. The process is cheap, simple and cost-efficient. This sampling technique needs little planning and fewer workforce compared to other sampling techniques.

SNOWBALL SAMPLING...

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DISADVANTAGES:
1. The researcher has little control over the sampling method. The subjects that the researcher can obtain rely mainly on the previous subjects that were observed. 2. Representativeness of the sample is not guaranteed. The researcher has no idea of the true distribution of the population and of the sample. 3. Sampling bias is also a fear of researchers when using this sampling technique. Initial subjects tend to nominate people that they know well. Because of this, it is highly possible that the subjects share the same traits and characteristics, thus, it is possible that the sample that the researcher will obtain is only a small subgroup of the entire population. SNOWBALL SAMPLING...

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THANK YOU!!!

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