Aerosol & Particulate Research Laboratory

1 8/18/2013
FILTRATION
Reading: Chap 9
Fiber
filter
Porous
membrane
filter
Capillary
pore
membrane
filter
Granular
bed
filter
Q: Does a filter work like a microscopic sieve?
Removing particulates from an air stream
Trapping aerosol in its pathway through tracheal media
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2 8/18/2013
Fibrous Filter
Cylindrical shape fibers
Most perpendicular to the
direction of air flow
Fiber size: submicron to 100 um
Material: cellulose, glass, plastic
Porosity: 70% to > 99%
Velocity: low ~ 10 cm/s, laminar
Glassfiber filter
TiO
2
Nanofiber
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3 8/18/2013
Porous Membrane Filter
Irregular path through complex pore
structure
Porosity: 50% - 90%
High efficiency & high pressure
drop
Material: cellulose ester, sintered
metals, PVC, Teflon
Cellulose ester porous
membrane filter
Silver porous membrane filter
http://www.2spi.com/catalog/spec_prep/images/silver.gif
Aerosol & Particulate Research Laboratory
4 8/18/2013
Capillary Pore Membrane Filter
An array of microscopic cylindrical
holes of uniform diameter
Pores are perpendicular to the
surface of the filter
The straight path results in lower
efficiency compared to other types
of filter
The smooth surface is particularly
useful for collecting particles for
observation in microscope
Nuclepore capillary pore
membrane filter
http://www.2spi.com/catalog/spec_prep/images/pg82_1.gif
Anopore inorganic pore membrane filter
Aerosol & Particulate Research Laboratory
5 8/18/2013
Granular Bed Filter
A bed of fine granules
Good for corrosive aerosols and
at high temperature
Good for both air and aerosol
Materials: activated charcoal,
glass, quartz, metal beads
Aerosols are removed by
washing, volatilization or using
solvents
Aerosol & Particulate Research Laboratory
6 8/18/2013
Single Fiber Efficiency
E
E
: the fraction of particles approaching a fiber in the
region defined by the projected area of the fiber that are
ultimately collected on the fiber
u
0
u

Packing density/solidity
porosity - 1
volume total
me fiber volu
= = o
Q: Theoretical max efficiency?
o
=

1
0
u
u
Cross section
of fiber
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
e
d

a
r
e
a

s
t
r
e
a
m

Air flow
(face velocity)
Fiber: 0.01 0.3
Membrane: 0.1 0.5
Aerosol & Particulate Research Laboratory
7 8/18/2013
Total length of fiber in a unit volume


# of particles collected when a unit volume of aerosol passes
through an element of a unit cross section and thickness dh



Filter Efficiency
L
d
f
=
4
2
o
t
( )( ) dn Au nAdh E Lu d N
f C 0
= =

E P
E h
d
f
= =

|
\

|
.
|

1 1
4
1
exp
( )
o
t o
d
f
: fiber diameter
n: aerosol
concentration
A: cross-sectional
area of the unit
volume
Q: Impact of d
f
? o ?
Total # in the unit
volume
Fraction of effective
collection volume in a
unit time
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8 8/18/2013
( )
( )
( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
t o
o
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
t o
o
=
t o
o
=
t
= o
t o
o
=
o
=
o

=
=
E
E
E
E

E
E
h
d
E
E
p h
d
E
n
n
dh
d
E
n
dn
L d
n
d
E
u
u
n E L d
u
n E Lu d
dh
dn
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
1
4
exp 1
1
4
exp
1
4
)
4
(
1
4

)
1
1
(
1

0
2
0
0

Aerosol & Particulate Research Laboratory

9 8/18/2013
Filtration Mechanisms
Diffusion (Lee & Liu, 1982)
factor ic hydrodynam Kuwabara
4 4
3
ln
2
1
number Peclet
1
58 . 2
2
0
3 / 2
o
o o
o
+ =
=

=

Ku
D
U d
Pe
Pe
Ku
E
f
D
Lee, K. W. and Liu, B. Y. H.,
Aerosol Sci. Technol., 1:47-61, 1982
Q: Physical meaning?
Q: Impact of U
0
? o ?
Valid for
005 < o < 0.2
0.1 < U
0
< 200 cm/s
0.1 < d
f
< 50 m
Re
f
< 1
http://aerosol.ees.ufl.edu/resp
iratory/section04.html
Aerosol & Particulate Research Laboratory
10 8/18/2013
Interception (Krish & Stechkina, 1978)
( )
( )
f
p
R
d
d
R
R Ku
R
R
R
R
Ku
R
E
=
+

=
(
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ + +
+
=
where
1
1

) 1 (
2
)
2
1 (
1
1
1 ) 1 ln( 2
2
1
2
2
2
o
o o
o
Krish, A. A. & Stechkina, I. B., The
theory of Aerosol Filtration
with Fibrous Filters,
in Fundamentals of Aerosol Science,
Ed. Shaw, D. T., Wiley, 1978.
Q: Effect of increasing
velocity? Increasing R?
Aerosol & Particulate Research Laboratory
11 8/18/2013
Impaction (Yeh & Liu, 1974)
E
Stk J
Ku
Stk
U
d
d C U
d
J R R R
I
f
p p c
f
=
= =
= <
( )
( . ) . .
. .
2
18
29 6 28 27 5 0 4
2
0
2
0
0 62 2 2 8
t

o


for
Yeh. H. C. and Liu, B. Y. H.,
J. Aerosol Sci., 5:191-217, 1974
Q: How to have a larger Stk?
Aerosol & Particulate Research Laboratory
12 8/18/2013
Enhanced collection of diffusing particles due to
interception


Gravitational Settling



Total Efficiency
E
R
KuPe
Pe
Dr
= >
124
100
2 3
1 2
.
( )
/
/
for
E G R
G
V
U
d C g
U
G
TS
p p c
~ +
= =
( ) 1
18
0
2
0
for U and V in the same direction
0 TS

G DR R I D
G DR R I D
E E E E E
E E E E E E
+ + + + ~
=
E

) 1 )( 1 )( 1 )( 1 )( 1 ( 1
Q: How do these efficiencies change wrt d
p
?
Q: Any other mechanism?
Aerosol & Particulate Research Laboratory
13 8/18/2013
Single fiber efficiency of different mechanisms (h = 1 mm, o =
0.05, d
f
= 2 m & U
0
=10 cm/s); Table 9.2
Aerosol & Particulate Research Laboratory
14 8/18/2013
Single fiber efficiency of different mechanisms (h = 1 mm, o =
0.05, d
f
= 2 m & U
0
=10 cm/s); Table 9.2
d
p
(m)
0.01 0.1 1 10
S
i
n
g
l
e

F
i
b
e
r

E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Interception
Impaction
Diffusion
Diff-Interc
Gravitational
Aerosol & Particulate Research Laboratory
15 8/18/2013
Q: Implication?
Q: Why standard filter test using 0.3 um DOP?
Aerosol & Particulate Research Laboratory
16 8/18/2013
Total collection efficiency as a function of d
p
for 2 face velocities
(h = 1 mm, o = 0.05, d
f
= 2 m)
Aerosol & Particulate Research Laboratory
17 8/18/2013
Total collection efficiency as a function of face velocity for 4
particle sizes (h = 1 mm, o = 0.05, d
f
= 2 m)
Aerosol & Particulate Research Laboratory
18 8/18/2013
Filtration characteristics of a fibrous filter; h = 1 mm, o = 0.05 and d
f
= 2 m
* Important mechanisms included contribute more than 20% of the total E
E
.
Aerosol & Particulate Research Laboratory
19 8/18/2013
Pressure Drop
Ap
hU f
d
f
f
=
= + < <
o
o o o o
0
2
15 3
64 1 56 0 006 0 3
( )
( ) ( ) . .
.
for
At minimum efficiency (assuming only diffusion & interception)

valid for
1
6 . 2 15 . 0
<
< <
R
Kn
Q: Valid assumption?
Q: Ap for filters having d
f
smaller than 1 m is less than predicted.
Any reason? Implication?
9 / 1
10 4
0
4
5
9 / 2
0
2
1 1
44 . 1
1
885 . 0
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
E
f
f
p
d U
kT
Ku
E
U
d
kT Ku
d

Aerosol & Particulate Research Laboratory

20 8/18/2013
Filter Quality (Figure of Merit)
Q: Is an increase in pressure drop bad?
L d E
p
P
p/h

q
f
F
E
=
A

= =
=
where
ln

ness unit thick per drop pressure
ness unit thick per capture fractional
Q: Does it matter if particles are solid or liquid?
Q: What is pleated filter? Whats its advantage over a
flatpiece filter?
Aerosol & Particulate Research Laboratory
21 8/18/2013
Electret Filter
Fibers (of insulating plastic) are corona charged of fibers
impregnated with insulating resin particles (~1 m);
collection efficiency enhanced without increasing resistance

Coulombic attraction
Image charging
Lose charges when exposed to:
Ionizing radiation
High temperature
High humidity
Organic liquid (aerosol)
Accumulated dust can mask the charge
Q: Does it collect neutral particles?
- - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - -
-
+
Aerosol & Particulate Research Laboratory
22 8/18/2013
Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV) for HVAC
(Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning) Filters
http://www.mechreps.com/P
DF/Merv_Rating_Chart.pdf
Aerosol & Particulate Research Laboratory
23 8/18/2013
Reflection