Intermediate Algebra

by Gustafson and Frisk

Chapter 1 A Review of Basic Algebra

Section 1.1: The Real Number System

SETS: collections of objects.

Natural Numbers Whole Numbers Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers Real Numbers

Integers Positive Numbers Negative Numbers Even Numbers Odd Numbers

Use { }

{x | x > 5} is read the set of all x such that x is greater than 5

Section 1.1: The Real Number System

GRAPHS: plot on the number line.

Individual numbers are dots

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Section 1.1: The Real Number System

GRAPHS: plot on the number line.

Intervals including end points

[
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Section 1.1: The Real Number System

GRAPHS: plot on the number line.

Intervals not including end points

(
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Section 1.2: Arithmetic & Properties of Real Numbers

OPERATIONS:

Addition Subtraction (the same as adding a number with the opposite sign)
Multiplication Division (the same as multiplying by the reciprocal)

Section 1.2: Arithmetic & Properties of Real Numbers

ADDITION:

Addends that have the same signs Add absolute values Keep the sign of the addends
Addends that have opposite signs Subtract absolute values Keep the sign of the addend with the largest absolute value

Section 1.2: Arithmetic & Properties of Real Numbers

MULTIPLICATION:

Multiply absolute values If the factors have the same signs, the product is positive If the factors have opposite signs, the product is negative

Section 1.2: Arithmetic & Properties of Real Numbers

STATISTICS: measures of central tendency

Mean Median Mode

Section 1.2: Arithmetic & Properties of Real Numbers

Properties:

Associative addition, multiplication Commutative addition, multiplication

Distributive multiplication is distributed over addition a (b + c) = ab + ac

Section 1.2: Arithmetic & Properties of Real Numbers

Identities:

Addition zero Multiplication one

Inverses:

Addition opposites Multiplication reciprocals

Section 1.3: Definition of Exponents

EXPONENTS: repeated multiplication In the expression: an a is the base and n is the exponent Exponents are NOT factors Means to multiply a n times

Section 1.3: Definition of Exponents

ORDER OF OPERATIONS:
If an algebraic expression has more than one operation, the following order applies: 1. Clear up any grouping. 2. Evaluate exponents. 3. Do multiplication and division from left to right. 4. Do addition and subtraction from left to right.

Section 1.5: Solving Equations

Algebraic Expression vs. Equation

Expressions: a combination of numbers and operations Equation: a statement that two expressions are equal

Section 1.5: Solving Equations

EXPRESSIONS:

Terms Like terms When multiplying, the terms do not need to be alike Can only add like terms!

Section 1.5: Solving Equations

TO SOLVE AN EQUATION IN ONE VARIABLE:

If you see fractions, multiply both sides by the LCD. This will eliminate the fractions. Simplify the algebraic expressions on each side of the equal sign (eliminate parentheses and combine like terms). Use the addition property of equality to isolate the variable terms from the constant terms on opposite sides of the equal sign. Use the multiplication property to make the coefficient of the variable equal to one. Check your results by evaluating.

Section 1.5: Solving Equations

TYPES OF EQUATIONS:

CONDITIONAL: if x equals this, then y equals that. IDENTITY: always true no matter what numbers you use. CONTRADICTION: never true no matter what numbers you use. FORMULAS: conditional equations that model a relationship between the variables.

Section 1.6 & 1.7: Solving Problems, Applications

TYPES OF PROBLEMS:

Geometry Percent Physics (forces) Uniform motion Mixtures Good ole common sense analysis

Chapter 1: Basic Algebra Review

SUMMARY:

KNOW YOUR VOCABULARY! You cant follow directions if you dont know what the words in the instructions mean. Memorize the processes and the properties. I will provide formulas for your reference. Ask questions if you are unsure. Always check your work to make sure that you answered the question, and that your answer is reasonable.

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