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dominant mode of a unity of certain forces and social relation of material production. unity of certain forces and social relations of literary production in a particular social formation.
LMP
Different
The
internal complexity of LMP are constituted by production, distribution, exchange, and consumption, all of which will be function of its modes of articulation with other LMPs
forces of production of the LMP are naturally provided by the GMP itself, of which the LMP is a particular substructure the relation between LMP and GMP are dialectical the social relations of the LMP are determined by the social relations of GMP the social relations of literary production which reproduce the social relations of general production is historically variable and determinate
GI typically contains certain general elements or structures, which may at a particular historical stage bear significantly on the character of the LMP. Three general structures are linguistic, political, and the cultural A literary text is related to GI not only by how it deploys language but by the particular language it deploys
Different LMPs may reproduce the same ideological formation. Conversely, the same LMP may reproduce mutually antagonistic ideological formations The direct control of GI on the literary text is censorship
effect of the authors specific mode of biographical insertion into GI. It is never to be treated in isolation from GI, but must be studied in its articulation with it It is not a simply matter to specify the historical period to which a writer belongs; nor does a writer necessarily belong only to one history
a specific region of GI. AI is an internally complex formation, including a number of sub-sectors, of which the literary is one
GMP produces a GI which contributes to reproducing it; it also produces a (dominant) LMP which in general reproduces and is reproduced by the GMP, but which also reproduces and is reproduced by the GI
GMP
GI
LMP
ideology of LMP is itself encoded within AI; it is the effect of a conjuncture between AI and GI. Reading is an ideological decipherment of an ideological product
LMP
GI
AI
ideology may be an important determinant of both the type of LMP and the aesthetic ideology within which an author works The relation between AuI and GI may be transformed by their mediation in terms of AI
Text
the product of a specific overdetermined conjuncture of the elements or formations set out schematically above
Ex. A dramatic production does not express, reflect or reproduce the dramatic text on which it is based
The
in what sense is it correct to maintain that ideology, rather than history, is the object of the text?
Ideology is not just the bad dream of the infrastructure (false consciousness). It is more like a mesh, which filters other real in order to present the real it carries.
For what would it mean to claim that a text was directly related to its history?
A
text may speak of real history, but even if it maintains empirical historical accuracy this is always a fictive treatment History enters the text precisely as ideology, as a presence determined and distorted by its measurable absences
What is the precise object of literary text? What doest the text denote?
The
literary text produces its own object, and presents itself as its own product.
The texts means of production would include the aesthetic categories (genres, forms, conventions and so on). The texts product would encompass particular themes, plots, character, situations
text strikes us with the arresting immediacy of a physical gesture which turns out to have no precise object because its fictiveness Fiction (text) does not trade in imaginary history as a way of presenting real history; its history is imaginary because it negotiates a particular ideological experience of real history
Fictiveness is a certain dominance of the signifying practiced over the signifiedso that as the signified becomes more abstract, putative or virtual, the signifying process is correspondingly thrown into certain relief. The poetic discourse is characterized by such a disturbance of the normative relation between signifier and the signified.
signified within the text is its pseudorealthe imaginary situations which the text is about
Criticism on Althusser
Althussers
view: Art does not replace knowledge. What art makes us see is the ideology from which it is born, in which it bathes, from which it detaches itself as art, and to which it alludes Eagletons counterargument: Ideology is not knowledge, it is not pure fantasy either
Criticism on Althusser
Althussers
Consumer-centredness: it is the reader who is the final guarantor of the validity of the text Eagletons view: every text can be seen as a problem to which a solution is to be found; and the process of the text is the process of problem solving
Animal Farm
Regardless Orwells personal statement, nonetheless, Animal Farm is not Orwells political advocate, rather, it is a product of the anti-soviet ideology. Moreover, being determined by this ideology, a pseudoreality is created in Animal Farm to present an anti-utopian ideology.
Animal Farm
GMP: Economics recovering after WWII. GI: Avoiding conflict to USSR, and concealing information related to her. LMP: Censored by the British government AuI: To reveal the evil side of Soviet gov. AI: Journalism=>to reveal the truth, and claims for the freedom of the press.
Animal Farm
In relations to the anti-soviet ideology given by AI and AuI, the text acts against GMP, LMP, and GI.
Animal Farm
Real History:
Russian
Revolution: October 25, 1917. Antagonism between Trosky and Stalin. Economics transformation of USSR. German Invasion in WWII. Postwar arrangement.
Animal Farm
Animal Farm
Anti-utopian Ideology:
Power
corrupts
Seven Commandments=>single rule Oblivion of the glorious past. Reconciliation between men and pigs. Everything returns to the past.