SUBJECT : To Study And Verify Characteristic OF Resistor Temp.

Detector
Presented By : Satvik Thaker Vishal Sanzira Meet Dave
Guided By : Pratik Patel

History
Fifty years later, Sir William Siemens proffered the

use of platinum as the element in a resistance thermometer. His choice proved most propitious, as platinum is used to this day as the primary element in all high-accuracy resistance thermometers. In fact, the Platinum Resistance Temperature Detector, or PRTD, is used today as an interpolation standard from the oxygen point (-182.96C) to the antimony point (630.74C).

Methods of Temperature Measurement

1. Thermocouples 2. Thermistors 3. Electrical resistance change (RTD)

4. Pyrometers
5. Expansion of materials
PEC UET Lahore Dr. Shahid Naveed 13. August 2013 / Dr. Ing Naveed Ramzan

What Is an RTD?
resistance thermometers, also called resistance temperature detectors or resistive thermal devices (RTDs), are temperature sensors that exploit the predictable change in electrical resistance of some materials with changing temperature. As they are almost invariably made of platinum, they are often called platinum resistance thermometers (PRTs). They are slowly replacing the use of thermocouples in many industrial applications below 600 C, due to higher accuracy and repeatability. It is temperature coefficient device, which means that the resistance increases with temperature. The resistance of the metal increases with temperature. The resistive property of the metal is called its resistivity.

The resistive property defines length and cross sectional area required to fabricate an RTD of a given value. The resistance is proportional to length and inversely proportional to the cross sectional area : rXL R= -----------A Where R = Resistance (ohms) r = Resistivity (ohms) L = Length A = Cross sectional area

Why use an RTD instead of a thermocouple or thermistor sensor?

Each type of temperature sensor has a particular set of conditions for which it is best suited. RTDs offer several advantages: A wide temperature range (-50 to 500C for thin-film and -200 to 850C for wire-wound) Good accuracy (better than thermocouples) Good interchangeability Long-term stability With a temperature range up to 850C, RTDs can be used in all but the highest-temperature industrial processes. When made using metals such as platinum, they are very stable and are not affected

RTD Materials
the material must be malleable so that it can be formed into small wires. it must have a repeatable and stable slope or curve. the material should also be resistant to corrosion. the material should be low cost it is preferred that the material have a linear resistance verses temperature slope

Other materials such as nickel, copper, and nickel-iron alloy have also been used for RTDs. However, these materials are not commonly used since they have lower temperature capabilities and are not as stable or repeatable as platinum.

Platinum is especially suited to this purpose, as it can withstand high temperatures while maintaining excellent stability. As a noble metal, it shows limited susceptibility to contamination. The classical resistance temperature detector (RTD) construction using platinum was proposed by C.H. Meyers in 1932.7 He wound a helical coil of platinum on a crossed mica web and mounted the assembly inside a glass tube.

When discussing RTDs, several specifications must be considered : Wiring configuration (2, 3 or 4-wire) Self-heating Accuracy Stability Repeatability Response time

Resistance temperature detector type

Two wire RTD Three Wire RTD Four Wire RTD

Figure 3. Lead wires have resistance that is a function of the material used, wire size, and lead length. This resistance can add to the measured RTD resistance, and improper wire compensation can result in significant errors. The common configurations of RTDs are two (A), three (B) or four wires (C).

1. Wiring Configuration :
2-wire RTD :
Serious lead-wire resistance errors can occur when using a twowire RTD (see Fig. 3A), especially in a 100 sensor. In a two-wire circuit, a current is passed through the sensor. As the temperature of the sensor increases, the resistance increases. This increase in resistance will be detected by an increase in the voltage (V = IR). The actual resistance causing the voltage increase is the total resistance of the sensor and the resistance introduced by the lead wires. As long as the lead wire resistance remains constant, it can be offset and not affect the temperature measurement. The wire resistance will change with temperature, however, so as the ambient conditions change, the wire resistance will also change, introducing errors. If the wire is very long, this source of error could be significant. Two-wire RTDs are typically used only with very short lead wires, or with a 1000 element.

 3-wire RTD :
In a 3-wire RTD (see Fig. 3B), there are three leads coming from the RTD instead of two. L1 and L3 carry the measuring current, while L2 acts only as a potential lead. Ideally, the resistances of L1 and L3 are perfectly matched and therefore canceled. The resistance in R3 is equal to the resistance of the sensor Rt at a given temperatureusually the begining of the temperature range. At this point, V out = zero. As the temperature of the sensor increases, the resistance of the sensor increases, causing the resistance to be out of balance and indicated at V out. Resistances L1 and L3 in leads up to tens of feet long usually match well enough for 100 ohm three-wire RTDs. The worst case is resistance offset equal to 10% of single-lead resistance.

 4- wire RTD : The optimum form of connection for RTDs is a four-wire circuit (see Fig. 3C). It removes the error caused by mismatched resistance of the lead wires. A constant current is passed through L1 and L4; L2 and L3 measure the voltage drop across the RTD. With a constant current, the voltage is strictly a function of the resistance and a true measurement is achieved. This design is slightly more expensive than two or three-wire configurations, but is the best choice when a high degree of accuracy is required.

When to use Resistance Temperature Detectors

When accuracy and stability are a requirement of the customers specification
When accuracy must extend over a wide

temperature range When area, rather than point sensing improves control When a high degree of standardization is desirable

READILY AVAILABLE RTD INSTRUMENTS:

Digital Temperature Indicators

12-Inch Round Chart Recorders

Barnum Steam Control Systems and Multipoint Rtd

Indicators Compton and Jewell Rtd Analog Meters and Setpoint Controllers Red Lion digital Indicators and Controllers R.I.S. Transmitters and Trips and 36 Point Alarm Monitors Rustrak Miniature Recorders West Rtd Controllers: On-Off, Hi-Lo Limit, or PID

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
PRECISION PROCESS TEMPERATURE CONTROL Textile Chemical Food

Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) are increasingly becoming the sensor of choice for temperature measurement applications due to the accuracy and long term stability that platinum elements offer. These devices are very linear over a wide temperature range. Due to advances in technology, resistance temperature detector elements are very robust and cost effective. They can be designed into a wide variety of packages that suit applications up to 1200F.

AUTOMATIC TEMPERATURE CONTROL

Test Chambers Oven Temperature Plastic Extruders Injection Molders Solder Pots Bearing Temperature

ADVANTAGES
Absolute Measurement - Resistance

thermometers, unlike thermocouples, do not require a reference point. No ice baths or compensation circuits. High Output - With an output of 50 to 200 times that of a thermocouple, resistance thermometers permit the use of simpler indication and control instruments. No amplifiers are needed and the resulting system is less expensive and more reliable.

 Greatest Accuracy The pre-eminent position of the resistance thermometer as a precision temperature measuring instrument is demonstrated by its selection to define the International Temperature scale from -260 deg C to +660 deg C.
The main reasons for its selection are:

1) the exceptional stability 2) the repeatability of the resistance thermometer.

Disadvantages of Resistance Temperature Detectors

Low sensitivity Higher cost than thermocouples No point sensing Affected by shock and vibration Requires three or four-wire operation

Discussion & Questions?

THANK YOU..!!