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FILARIASIS
F I L A R I A S I S
Specific Objectives: Discuss the National Filariasis Elimination Program to include the following:
Etiology, mode of transmission, symptoms and pathogenesis of the disease Epidemiology & prevalence of Filariasis in the Philippines Goal, objectives and strategies of the program
Introduction
One of the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) Chronic and parasitic infection Worlds 2nd leading cause of permanent longterm disability Over 120M have been infected with over 1/3 being seriously incapacitated and disfigured, affecting their productivity and lifestyle
Source: WHO.Lymphatic filariasis. Retrieved from World Health Organization website: http://www.who.int/gho/neglected_diseases/lymphatic_filariasis/en/
World Data
1.4 billion people in 73 countries are at risk
65% living in the South-East Asia Region 30% in the African Region 5% in other tropical areas
Elimination of lymphatic filariasis can contribute in achieving the Millennium Development Goals
Source: WHO.Lymphatic filariasis. Retrieved from World Health Organization website: http://www.who.int/gho/neglected_diseases/lymphatic_filariasis/en/
ETIOLOGY
The
PARASITE
SUSPECT NO.1:
SUSPECT NO.2:
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
The
PARASITE
B. malayi
- noctural subperiodic
4 provinces Davao Oriental, Palawan, Eastern Samar and Surigao del Sur have both species
Nocturnal: MF scarce in the peripheral blood by day, peak at night (10pm-2am) Nocturnal subperiodic: MF present all the time, peak (5-11pm)
(Kron, 2000)
PINK: Wuchereria bancrofti BLUE: Brugia malayi YELLOW: both GREEN: Undefined species
(Kron, 2000)
The
Wuchereria bancrofti
Bancroftian filariasis Chronic disfiguring disease: Lymphedema Elephantiasis Hydrocoele
PARASITE
Brugia malayi
Disease
Vectors
Wuchereria bancrofti
Sheath in Giemsa Nuclei Tail Terminal nuclei
Appearance
Brugia malayi
Pink Irregularly spaced and overlapping Single row of nuclei that reaches tails ends 2 nuclei which bulge the cuticle Kinky
Unstained Regulary spaced, separately situated Single row of nuclei that does not reach tails ends None Smoothly curved
PARASITE
The
VECTOR
axil
The Vector
The Vector
Pop quiz:
The Vector
Aedes sp. Mansonia sp.
Breeds in the AXILS OF PLANTS Prefers FRESH WATER SWAMPS like abaca, banana, pandanus, gabi, with an extensive growth of giant biga pandanus & other aquatic plants. Night biters (10pm-2am) Endophilic1 and partially exophilic Night biters (5-11pm) Exophagic2 and exophilic3
The Vector
ABACA
Mode of Transmission
Lymphatic filariasis is transmitted through bite of infected mosquito which harbors the L3 larva
Incubation Period
PRE-PATENT PERIOD
inoculation of infective larvae to the appearance of detectable microfilariae (Mf) in blood approx. 12 months
Pathogenesis
Adult worms live in afferent lymphatics or sinuses of lymph nodes which cause inflammatory damage to the lymphatics Results to lymphatic dilatations and thickening of the vessel walls. Infiltration of plasma cells, eosinophils, and macrophages in and around the infected vessels along with endothelial and connective cell proliferation Tortuosity of the lymphatics and damaged or incompetent lymph valves Lymphedema and chronic statis changes with hard or brawny edema
Clinical Manifestations
CHYLURIA
B. Asymptomatic Microfilariaemia
Blood positive for Mf Asymptomatic for years Carriers: Important SOURCE OF INFECTION in the community
Lymphatic
C. Stage of ACUTE manifestations
1st month and years Recurrent episodes of acute inflammation in lymph glands and blood vessels Manifestations: Filarial fever (ADL-DLA), Lymphangitis, Lymphadinitis, Epididimo orchitis
ADL
Hydrocoele
Scrotum
Penis
Breast
Arms
Legs
Laboratory Diagnosis
1. Demonstration of Microfilariae in the peripheral blood Blood Smear (wet/thick)
std method for diagnosing active infection best time for blood collection: 8pm-4am provocative test (DEC) for daytime sampling stained with Giemsa or H&E
abaca
First discovered in the Philippines in 1907 by foreign workers Prevalence rate has declined:
9.7 cases per 1,000 population (1998), to 7.7 per 1,000 in endemic areas (2002)
ENDEMICITY LOW
MODERATE
5%-10%
HIGH
>10%
Categories of Endemicity in RP
Category
ENDEMIC
Areas
- established as endemic areas for Filariasis, with validated recent reports of endemicity - identified as endemic in 1960 survey excluding provinces in category 1, without report of endemicity to date.
Category
2 3
PROBABLYENDEMIC Areas
Category
NON-ENDEMIC Areas
(WHO, 2005)
A place is considered endemic, by DOH criteria, if one case of filariasis is detected (deformity survey, positive ICT), specifically: An ENDEMIC BARANGAY has one case of filariasis, An ENDEMIC MUNICIPALITY has one endemic barangay An ENDEMIC PROVINCE has one endemic municipality.
Regions 8,9,10 and CARAGA are the most highly affected regions (2008): Region 8 (Nor. Leyte, Nor. Samar, Ormoc City)
0.1 per 100,000 population
Region Province IV-A Quezon Province IV-B Marinduque*, Mindoro Oriental, Mindoro Occidental, Palawan, Romblon* V Albay*, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Masbate, Sorsogon* VI Iloilo, Capiz, Aklan VII Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental** VIII Biliran*, E. Samar*, N. Samar, W. Samar*, N. Leyte, S. Leyte* IX Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga, Sibugay X Bukidnon*, Misamis Occ., Misamis Or. XI Davao del Norte/del Sur, Davao Oriental, Compostela Valley* XII Saranggani, S. Cotabato, N. Cotabato*, Sultan Kudarat CARA Surigao del Sur/del Norte, Agusan del Sur*, Agusan del Norte, GA Dinagat Island* ARMM Maguindanao, Basilan, Sulu
* Filariasis-free ** Recently identified as endemic for filariasis
Epidemiology
Host Factors Adults > Children, Males > females.
Conditions (specifically economic activities) that predispose adults and men to exposure to mosquito vectors
Epidemiology
In the Philippines, 2 species of filaria are known:
B. malayi
- noctural subperiodic
4 provinces Davao Oriental, Palawan, Eastern Samar and Surigao del Sur have both species
Nocturnal: MF scarce in the peripheral blood by day, peak at night (10pm-2am) Nocturnal subperiodic: MF present all the time, peak (5-11pm)
(Kron, 2000)
PINK: Wuchereria bancrofti BLUE: Brugia malayi YELLOW: both GREEN: Undefined species
(Kron, 2000)
Progress of NFEP
Baseline data
Prevalence Rate (1997): 9.7% per 1,000 pop. Endemic in 43 provinces in 11 regions with a total population at risk of 30,000,000
Target Population
Individuals living in endemic municipalities in 44 provinces in 12 regions (30 million targeted for mass treatment or 1/3 of the total population of the country). However, 9 provinces have reached elimination level namely: Southern Leyte; Sorsogon; Biliran; Bukidnon; Romblon; Agusan Sur; Dinagat Islands; Cotabato Province; and COMVAL.
MISSION
Elimination of Filariasis as a public health problem thru a comprehensive approach and universal access to quality health services
GOAL
To eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis as a public health problem in the Philippines by year 2017
8 STRATEGIES
Endemic Mapping Capability Building
Mass treatment
International Certification
STRATEGY 1
ENDEMIC MAPPING
categorizing provinces based on prevalence of filariasis for tracking of cases & prioritization
3 COMPONENTS:
1. Deformity Survey 2. Cluster Mapping 3. Nocturnal Blood Survey
(WHO, 2005)
STRATEGY 2
CAPABILITY BUILDING
provide the community with the knowledge, skills & access to info, enabling them to perform effectively
empower them to plan & facilitate local programs on filariasis
STRATEGY 2
MASS TREATMENT
drugs are given to ALL residents >2 y/o living in an endemic area whether or not they are infected, for a minimun pd of 5 years
Target: 85% of total pop under this program should be taking the medications
STRATEGY 3
MASS TREATMENT
Diethylcarbamazine
Citrate or DEC
Albendazole
(400mg) given single dose given once annually to people 2 yrs & above living in established endemic areas
mass treatment
STRATEGY 2
MASS TREATMENT
Other forms of management: SELECTIVE Treatment:
only those with (+) Mf in blood will be given DEC for 12 days
DISABILITY PREVENTION
home-based or community-based care for lymohedema & elephantiasis cases Giving of Disability Mgt Kit (topical antifungal creams, alcohol, soap Includes surgical mgt for hydrocoele
disability prevention
disability prevention
STRATEGY 4
SUPPORT CONTROL
Vector control
Polystyrene beads Insecticide-impregnated bed nets & curtains indoor spraying
STRATEGY 5
Monitoring
routine collection and analysis of data that pertain to the delivery of services use indicators as main measurement of effectiveness of the program
STRATEGY 6
EVALUATION
To establish infection: ANTIGEN RATE = no. of persons (+) in ICT x 100 total no. of persons examined
To characterize infection: Mf rate = no. of persons with microfilaria in blood x 100 total no. of persons examined Mf density = total no. of microfilariae x 16.7 (using uL of blood) total no. of persons MF Clinical rate = no. of persons with clinical manifestations x 100 total no. of persons examined
SCHEDULE
Annual Annual
INDICATOR
Process Indicator (% target population covered) % of population given mass treatment experiencing adverse reactions Outcome Indicators MF Rate MF Density
AREA
Per barangay Per barangay
Biennial
STRATEGY 6
EVALUATION
To establish the vectors of the disease in the endemic areas Local vector species Identification Man Biting Rate ave. no. of mosquitoes biting man/hr or captured mosquitoes/ man/hour House Resting Density No of mosquitoes collected in the house per man-hour Larval Index optional Annual Transmission Potential optional
Evaluation
May, 1985. Binosawan, Philippines. Larval survey of Aedes poicilieslarvae in leaf axil of abaca plant and in the field
STRATEGY 7
Condition
Completion of Mass Treatment for 4 years and with Post-treatment Prevalence Rate of <1/1000
Previously endemic municipalities still found to be endemic after survey: Completion of Mass Treatment for 4 years and with Posttreatment Prevalence Rate of <1/1000 Previously endemic municipalities found to be non-endemic after survey: 5-year Cumulative Prevalence Rate of <1/1000 by background surveillance Previously non-endemic municipalities before and after mapping and with 5-year Cumulative Prevalence rate of <1/1000 by background surveillance
1 2
3
STRATEGY 8
INTERNATIONAL CERTIFICATION
Filariasis will be certified as eliminated in the Philippines by a WHO committee upon compliance with the ff: Cumulative Incidence Rate over 5 yrs of >1 new case per 1000 susceptible individuals measured yearly after completion of the Mass Treatment scheme in each endemic municipality in the country. Provision of the necessary documentation and satisfaction of the needed international requirements will warrant approval of the countrys application for International Certification of Elimination of Filariasis.
Progress of NFEP
Provinces that reach Elimination Stage:
Southern Leyte Sorsogon Biliran Bukidnon Romblon Agusan Sur Dinagat island Cotabato Province COMVAL
Specific Objectives:
Discuss the National Filariasis Elimination Program to include the following: Etiology, mode of transmission, symptoms and pathogenesis of the disease Epidemiology & prevalence of Filariasis in the Philippines Goal, objectives and strategies of the program
General Objective: Understand the DOH program for the prevention and control of Filariasis
Thank you