Composite material & structures

Unit III

Governing differential equation for a laminated plate, angle ply and cross ply laminates. Failure criteria for composites.

Analysis of laminates.
A lamina is the fundamental unit of composites. A lamina ( also called a ply or layer) is a single flat layer of unidirectional fibres or woven fibres arranged in a matrix.
A laminate is a stack of plies of composites. Each layer can be laid at various orientations and can be of different material systems.

A real structure will consist of laminates consisting of more than one lamina bonded together through their thickness. The reason is that, 1) Lamina thicknesses are of the order of 0.125 mm, implying several laminae will be required to take realistic loads. (for instance, a glass fibre/epoxy lamina will fail at a load of 13 kN per m width, along the fibre direction.)

2) The mechanical properties of a lamina are severely limited in the transverse direction. If one stacks several unidirectional layers, it may be an optimum laminate for unidirectional loads. For complex loading, this may not be desirable. One can overcome this by making a laminate with layers stacked at different angles for given loading and stiffness requirements. This approach increases the cost and weight of the laminate and hence one need to optimize ply angles. More over one may use layers of different composite material systems to develop a more optimum laminate.

Laminate code:
A laminate is made up of a group
of single layers bonded to each x other. Each layer can be identified z y by its location in the element, its material, and its angle of fig. schematic of a orientation with a reference axis. laminate Each lamina is represented by the angle of ply and separated from other plies by a slash sign. The first ply is the top ply of the laminate.

Example -1: [ 0/-45/90/60/30 ] denotes the 0 code of the laminate shown here. -45 It consists of five plies, each of which 90 has a different angle with the 60 reference x axis. A slash separates 30 each lamina. The above code also implies that each ply is made of the same material and is of same thickness. Sometimes [0/-45/90/60/30]T may also denote this laminate, where the subscript T stands for total laminate .

Example -2: [0/-45/902/60/0] denotes the lamina shown here. It consists of six plies. Since there are two 90 plies adjacent to each other, 902 denotes them, where the subscript 2 is the number of adjacent plies of the same angle.

0 -45 90 90 60 0

Example-3: [0/-45/60]s denotes the laminate shown here. It consists of six plies. Since plies above the mid- surface are of the same orientation, material, and thickness as the plies below the mid-surface, it is a symmetric laminate. The top three plies are written in the code, while the subscript s outside the brackets represents that the three plies are repeated in the reverse order.

0 -45 60 60 -45 0

Example-4: [0/-45/60]s denotes the laminate shown here. It contains five plies. Since the number of plies is odd and symmetry exists at the mid- surface, 60 ply is denoted with a bar on the top.

0 -45 60 -45 0

Example-5: [0Gr/45B]s denotes the graphite/epoxy 0 laminate shown here. Boron / epoxy 45 It contains six plies; Boron / epoxy -45 the 0 plies are made Boron / epoxy -45 of graphite, the 45 plies Boron / epoxy 45 are made of boron. Graphite/epoxy 0 Note that 45 notation indicates that 0 ply be followed by +45 and then -45 ply. S indicates symmetry.

Special cases of laminates:

1. Symmetric laminate: A laminate is called symmetric if the material, angle, and thicknss of plies are the same above and below the midplane. An example is : [0/30/60]s I 0 I 30 I 60 I 30 I 0 I

2. Cross ply laminate: A laminate is called cross ply laminate ( also called laminates with specially orthotropic layers), if only 0 and 90 plies are used to make a laminate. For example; I 0 I 90 I 0 I 90 I 90 I 0 I 90 I

3. A laminate is called angle ply laminate, if it has plies of same material and thickness and oriented only at + and directions. For example: I 40 I-40 I 40 I -40 I

4. Antisymmetric laminates: A laminate is called antisymmetric if the material and thickness of the plies are the same above and below the midplane, but the ply orientation at the same distance above and below of the midplane are negative of each other. An example is, [45/60/-60/-45]. 5. Balanced laminate: When the laminate consist of pairs of layers of the same thickness and material, where the angle of plies are + and . An example is [30/40/-30/30/-30/-40]

Governing differential equation for a laminate: As on now, we can assume that the properties of basic lamina, in terms of elastic constants, are known. The next logical step in the theoretical analysis of composite structures would be to consider two or more plies or laminae that are bonded together to form a laminated composite plate. We have already seen various combinations of lay up in forming a laminate. -contd-

This now becomes a structural rather than a material problem and we must develop methods by which stresses and strains in each of the plies and in the interlaminar bond layers can be predicted for a given loading condition. This development will begin with plates. The classical laminate theory (CLT) is used to develop the relations. -contd-

Assumptions:
The following assumptions are made in the classical lamination theory to develop these relations: 1. Each lamina is orthotropic and homogeneous. 2. A line straight and perpendicular to the middle surface remains straight and perpendicular to the middle surface during deformation.(xz=yz=0). 3.A straight line in the z direction remains of constant length. (z =0) -contd-

4.The laminate is thin and the displacements are continuous and small throughout the laminate

( IuI, IvI, IwI <<< laminate thickness.)

5. Each lamina is elastic. 6. No slip occurs between the lamina interfaces.

Derivation of equations for unidirectional plane anisotropic plates

Strain- displacement relation:

If we assume that the classical small deformation theory is applicable, then we have, the linear strains, x = u/x, y= v/y, z= w/z ---- (1) and the angular or shear strains, xy= yx = (u/y) + (v/x) xz = zx = (u/z) + (w/x) --------(2) yz = zy = (v/z) + (w/y) -contd-

where u,v,w are the displacements in the x-, y-, z- directions, respectively.
Since these equations are determined from the geometry of deformations and do not involve the material properties, they are applicable regardless of the elastic symmetry of the material. -contd-

Now assume that under the action of a load, the plate element shown in fig.1, deforms in such a way that the points 1 and 2 deforms to points 1 and 2. Further, the line element 1-2 perpendicular to the middle surface of the plate(the x-z plane in the figure) do not change in length and remain straight and normal to the deflected middle surface after deformation. Then it can be seen that the deflection of the typical point 2 becomes, u = -z(w/x) ---------- (3) similarly , v = -z (w/y) ----------(4) -contd-

1 x x2 1

x
w
z w/x

2 x
u

z
Fig-1 Deformation of a plate element

If we substitute these values in eqns (1) and (2) and neglect the strains in the z- direction, we get, x = -z2w/x2 y = -z2w/y2 and xy = (-z2w/xy) + (-z2w/xy) = - 2z2w/xy

---- (5)

[Note: u/x = (/x) (z w/x) = -z2w/x2] Eqns (5) represent the strain displacement relationship, for bending.

Stress strain relations: We have the stress- strain relation for unidirectional lamina, when x and y directions coincide with the material principal directions, as, x y xy Q11 Q12 0 x Q12 Q22 0 y 0 0 Q66 xy

------------------(6)

where the values of Qij are known.

If the principal directions do not correspond with x and y directions, these equations will become,

x Q11 Q12 Q16 y = Q12 Q22 Q26 xy Q16 Q26 Q66

x y xy

---(7)

where the values of [Qij] are known in terms of material properties.

For convenience this extensional coefficients are written as, Q11= A11, Q12 = A12, Q16= A16, Q22 = A22, Q26 =A26, Q66= A66 --------- (8)
Utilizing this notation and substituting the strain eqn(5), we have, x A11 A12 A16 ( 2w/x2) y = -z A12 A22 A26 ( 2w/y2) ---(9) xy A16 A26 A66 (2w/xy) as the matrix form of the stress-displacement equations for our unidirectional laminate.

Equilibrium equations:

dx
h/2
h/2

x y
Fig-2 (a) a laminate plate Vyz dx

z
Vxz dy
Nx dy q dx dy

Ny dx Nyx dx

Nx* dy Vxz* dy

Nyx* dx Ny* dx Vyz* dx

Fig-2(b) forces on a laminate plate

Mxy dy My dx Mx dy Myx dx

Mx* dy My* dx

Fig-2 (c) Moments acting on a laminate

Fig-2 depicts a typical element of a plate. Fig-(a) shows the reference frame and the dimensions. Fig- (b) shows the forces and fig- the moments. Note: the stars indicate the larger values of the loads and moments. E.g.: Vyz* = Vyz +(Vyz/y)dy Nx*= Nx+(Nx/X)dx and My* = My +(My/Y)dy and so on.
-contd-

Note that the normal loads Nx and Ny and the shearing loads Nxy, Nyx, Vxz and Vyz of fig-2(b) have units of force per unit length. The pressure q has units of force per unit area, and the moments have the units of moments Mx, My, Mxy and Myx of fig-2(c) have units of moment per unit length. These units pertain also to the starred quantities. The total force acting at any face, for example, on the right face of the element in fig-2 (b) is shown as the product of Nx* and the distance dy.

With the expressions for the stress components as shown in equations (9), we can determine the bending and twisting moments of fig-2(c) by integrating the products of the stress components and their moment arms over the plate thickness. The resulting expressions are called the stress couples of the plate and are given by,

Mx =

Mx =

zdz
= - [ D11 (2w/x2)+D12 (2w/y2)+ 2D16 (2w/xy)]
Where Dij= Aij h3/12

Similarly,

My =
= -[D12 2w/x2 + D222w/y2 + 2D262w/xy] And, Mxy = Myx =
= [D16(2w/x2)+D26(2w/y2)+ 2D66(2w/xy)] ---(10)

Now taking moment about the front edge of fig-2 (b), and equating it to zero, we get, Vyzdx dy+(Vxz-Vxz*)dy(dy/2)-q dx dy(dy/2) +(My-My*)dx+(Mxy-Mxy*)dy = 0.

When the corresponding expressions for the starred quantities are inserted and the higher order terms are neglected, this becomes,
Vyzdx dy-(My/y)dx dy (Mxy/x)dx dy=0 or Vzy = (My/y) + (Mxy/x) = 0 ---- (11)

Similarly, by summing moments about the right edge of the element, we get, Vxz = (Mx/x) + (Mxy/y) ------(12)

Finally the summation of the forces in the z- direction yields, (Vxy/x)dx dy+ (Vyz/y)dx dy + q dx dy=0
from which, (Vxz/x) + (Vyz/y) = -q --------(13)

When partial derivatives are taken of equations (11) and (12) with respect to y and x respectively and the values are substituted in equation (13), we get, (2Mx/x2)+2(2Mxy/xy)+(2My/y2)= -q --(14)

substituting the expressions for Mx, My, and Mxy, as given by eqns (10), we get,
D11(4w/x4)+4D16(4w/x3y)+2(D12+2D66)4w/x2y2 +4D26(4w/xy3)+D22(4w/y4) = q --(15)

This is the governing differential equation of a unidirectional laminated plate with arbitrary orientations of principal material directions.

If the coordinate planes xz and yz are the planes of elastic symmetry of the plate, or equivalently, the x and y axes correspond to the principal material directions of the plate, then, Q16=Q26= 0, and hence D16=D26= 0 and the equation (15) reduces to D11(4w/x4) +2(D12+D66)4w/x2y2 +D22(4w/y4) = q --------(16)

Governing differential equation for unidirectional plane anisotropic lamina, including in-plane loads.
In the above derivation the in plane loads were not considered. When these forces are included and the deflection of the plate is noted

Governing differential equation for unidirectional plane anisotropic lamina, including in-plane loads.
In the above derivation the in plane loads were not considered. When the inplane forces are included and the deflection of the plate is considered, it can be seen from fig.3, that they indeed contribute force components in the Z-direction. With small deflection theory, we can say that the sine of an angle is approximately equal to the angle in radians and the cosine of the angle is unity.

Fig.3

Hence, summing forces in the Z-direction from fig.3, we get the following for the unbalanced forces:

-Nxdy(w/x) + [Nx+ (Nx/x) dx] dy [(w/x) +(2w/x2)]dx -Nydx(w/y) + [Ny+(Ny/y)dy]dx[(w/y) +(2w/y2)]dy -Nxydy(w/y) + [Nxy+(Nxy/x)dx] dy [(w/y)+(2w/xy)]dx
-Nyxdx(w/x) + [Nyx+(Nyx/Y)dy]dx[(w/x)+(2w/xy)]dy

On simplification, noting that Nxy=Nyx and neglecting higher order terms, this expression reduces to, { Nx(2w/x2) + (Nx/x)(w/x)+Ny(2w/y2) + (Ny/Y)(w/y) + 2Nxy(2w/xy) + (Nxy/x)(w/y)+(Nxy/y)(w/x)}dydx -------(18) Now applying the equation of equilibrium for the summation of forces in the x-direction and assuming that no body forces are acting, we get, (Nx/x)dxdy + (Nxy/y)dxdy = 0 or (Nx/x) = -(Nxy/y)

Simlarly, the summation of forces in the ydirection gives, (Ny/y) = -(Nxy/x) When these expressions are substituted in eqn(18), the expression becomes, [Nx(2w/x2)+Ny(2w/y2)+2Nxy(2w/xy)]dxdy

If these unbalanced forces in the Zdirection are added to the lateral force q, equation (14) becomes,
(2Mx/x2) + 2(2Mxy/xy) + (2My/y2) = -[q + Nx(2w/x2)+2Nxy(2w/xy)+ Ny(2w/y2)] ----------(19)

Again substituting the values of Mx, My, and Mxy, as given by eqn (10), we Obtain, D11(4w/x4)+4D16(4w/x3y)+2(D12+2D66) 4w/x2y2 +4D26(4w/xy3)+D22(4w/y4) = [q+Nx(2w/x2)+2Nxy(2w/xy)+Ny(2w/y2)] ------------- (20) This is the governing differential equation to be satisfied, if the coordinate planes xz and yz are not the planes of elastic symmetry of the plate. ie. A plate with unidirectional lamina loaded along off-axis. And the inplane forces are included along with the out of plane forces.

Determination of stresses and strains:

Once deflection w has been determined either in equation as functions of x and y or at discrete grid or node points throughout the plate, the next problem is the determination of stresses and strains. We are interested in determining these values through the thickness of the plate at any desired location on the plate.

For a given distance z from the middle surface, the strains can be computed directly using the strain-displacement relations (eqns 5). These equations can be solved by simply taking the indicated derivatives if ws are expressed in closed form or by finite difference method. with the strains known, equations (6) or (7) can be used to determine the stresses, depending on the conditions.

Multidirectional plane anisotropic plate. The great potential of composite materials lies in the fact that, unlike isotropic materials, the plies of the laminates can be oriented to meet both load and directions requirements. Thus the general case is one in which the plies are oriented in several directions. The unidirectional laminate discussed so far can be considered as a special case of the general classical theory of plates.

Referring to figure 1 and considering this time the middle surface stretch as shown in fig.4, due to inplane forces in addition to bending deflections, and also the assumptions are applicable, then the deflection of the typical point 1 becomes, u = u0 - z(w/x) and v = v0 - z(w/y) -------(21) where u0 and v0 are the displacements along x and y directions respectively of the middle surface.

Stress- strain relation for the lamina with mid plane stretch and bending.
u0

w/x

Fig.4

If the classical small deflection theory is again considered applicable and the strain in the z-direction are neglected, we get, x = (u0/x) z(2w/x2) y = (v0/y) -z(2w/y2) xy = [( u0/y)+(v0/x)] -2z(2w/xy)
------(22)

These are the strain-displacement equations. On the RHS, first set of elements are the midplane strains and the second set are the midplane curvatures.

These relations can be written in terms of the mid plane strains and curvatures in the following form: x0 u0/x y0 = v0/y ------------ (23) xy0 (u0/y)+(v0/x)
where LHS terms are midplane strains. x -2w/x2 y = -2w/y2 xy -22w/xy

-------------------(24)

where the LHS terms are the curvatures.

Now the laminate strains can be written as, x x0 x y = y0 +z y xy xy0 xy

----------------(25)

Strain and stress in a laminate:

If the strains are known at any point in a laminate, the stress strain equation can be used to calculate the stresses in each lamina. x Q11 Q12 Q16 x y = Q12 Q22 Q26 y ---------(26) xy Q16 Q26 Q66 xy The transformed reduced stiffness(TRS) matrix [Q], corresponds to that of the ply located at the point along the thickness of the laminate.

Substituting eqn (25) in eqn (26), x x0 x y = [Q] y0 + z [Q] y xy xy xy Where [Q] is the T R S matrix. From the above equation it can be seen that the stresses vary linearly only through the thickness of each lamina. However, the stresses may vary from lamina to lamina, since the transformed reduced stiffness matrix changes from ply to ply, as [Q] depends on the material and orientation of the ply.

LAMINATE

Strain variation (linear)

Stress variation

fig. Stress and strain variation in a composite laminate.

These global stresses can then be transformed to local stresses through the transformation equation, 1 x 2 = [T] y 12 xy

and global strains can be transformed to local strains, 1 x 2 = [T] y ()12 ()xy

the local stresses and strains can then be used in the failure criteria to find when the lamina fails. Now we should know the midplane strains and curvatures from the applied loads, to solve for the local stresses and strains.

End of

3rd internal

material (along with previous notes).

All the Best