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Authors : Glen Kramer and Gerry Pesavento(AllOptic Inc.). COURSE CEG 790 Instructor Dr. Bin Wang Presenter Ram Iyer
Overview
Introduction What are Passive Optical Networks ? Deployment Scenario of Next-Generation Access Networks Types of PON technologies Different types of PON topologies What are EPONs ? How does an EPON work ? Issues related to EPONs Benefits of using EPONs IEEE P803.3ah status The market for EPONs Conclusion
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Introduction
Internet has spawned genuine demand for broadband services, leading to unprecedented growth in Internet Protocol (IP) data traffic. This humongous data traffic is putting pressure on carriers to upgrade their networks. An improvement over 56 kb/s is unable to provide enough bandwidth for emerging services such as the IP telephony, Video on Demand (VoD), interactive gaming, or twoway video conferencing.
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A new technology is required which would be able to handle the bandwidth hungry services.
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Passive Optical Network (PON) is a high bandwidth Point-to-Multipoint (P2MP) optical fiber network based on the Asynchronous Transfer Mode protocol (ATM), Ethernet or TDM. Components used in Passive Optical Network PONs generally consist of an OLT (Optical Line Termination), which is connected to ONUs (Optical Network Units). OLT and ONUs are explained in the later slides of the presentation.
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Properties of PONs
PONs rely on light waves for data transfer. Only passive optical components are used such as optical fiber, splices and splitters. PONs minimizes the fiber deployment in both the local exchange office and the local loop. PONs provides higher bandwidth due to deeper fiber penetration, offering gigabit per second solutions.
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PONs aim to break the First Mile (once called as Last Mile) bandwidth bottleneck by targeting the sweet spot between T1s and OC-3s that other access network technologies do not adequately address. PONs are capable of delivering high volumes of upstream and downstream bandwidth (up to 622 Mbps downstream and 155 Mbps upstream).
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A logical way to deploy optical fiber in the local access network is using a point-to-point (P2P) topology, with dedicated fiber which runs from the local access network to each end-user subscriber (Figure a)
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Second method is to deploy a remote switch (concentrator) close to neighborhood since it reduces the fiber deployment as shown in (Figure b). The main downside of this curb switch architecture is it requires electrical power as well as the backup power at the curb unit and currently, one of the highest cost for local exchange carriers is providing and maintaining electrical power in the local loop.
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In the third we can see that a PON actually minimizes the amount of optical transceivers, central office terminations, and the fiber deployment. As stated earlier a PON is a point-tomultipoint (P2MP) optical network with no active elements in the signals path from the source to destination. PONs basically use passive optical components, such as optical fiber, splices, and splitters. This is show in the Figure c.
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EPONs
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Tree topology Bus topology Ring topology Tree with redundant trunk
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PON topologies
Figure 3
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Ethernet passive optical networks (EPON) are an emerging access network technology that provides a low-cost method of deploying optical access lines between a carrier office (CO) and customer site. We can say that, Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EPONs) represents the convergence of low-cost Ethernet equipment and low-cost fiber infrastructure, to be the best candidate for the Next-Generation access network.
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In a EPON the process of transmitting data downstream from the OLT to multiple ONUs is fundamentally different from transmitting data upstream multiple ONUs to the OLT. The different techniques used to accomplish the downstream and upstream transmission in a EPON are shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5.
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In the Figure 4, the data broadcasted downstream from OLT to multiple ONUs in variable-length packets of up to 1,518 bytes, according to IEEE 802.3 protocol. Each packet carries a header that uniquely identifies it as data intended for ONU-1, ONU-2 or ONU-3.At the splitter the traffic is divided into three separate signals, each carrying all of the ONU specific packets. When the data reaches the ONU, it accepts the packets that are intended for it and discards the packets that are intended for other ONUs. For example, in figure 4, ONU-1 receives packets 1, 2 and 3; however only two packets are delivered to end user 1.
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Figure 5 shows the upstream traffic is managed utilizing TDM technology, in which transmission time slots are dedicated to ONUs. The time slots are synchronized so that upstream packets from the ONUs do not interfere with each other one the data is couple onto the common fiber. For example, ONU-1 transmits packet 1 in the first time slot, ONU-2 transmits packet 2 in the second non-overlapping time slot, and ONU-3 transmits packet 3 in a third non-overlapping time slot.
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Transceiver Issues
There are number of issues which have surfaced by the use of transceivers (A transceiver is a device which is capable of transmitting and receiving signals) Due to the unequal distances between the central office and ONUs, optical signal attenuation in the PON is not same for each ONU i.e. the power level received at the OLT will be different for each ONU (this is also called as near-far problem)
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As shown in the Figure below, one ONUs signal strength is lower at the OLT, which is most likely due to the longer distance.
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To allow ONUs to adjust their transmitter power such that power levels received by the OLT from all the ONUs becomes the same.
This method is not favored by the transceiver designers because it makes the ONU hardware more complicated, requires special signaling protocol for feedback from the OLT and ONU and most importantly degrades the performance of the all the ONUs to that of the of the most distant unit.
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Security
Is Encryption mechanism necessary in Passive Optical Network ?
Encryption mechanism is necessary since a malicious ONU if placed in promiscuous mode would be able to read all the downstream packets.
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If the encryption is placed in the MAC layer then it will encrypt the MAC frame payload only, and leave the headers in plain text. This method prevents malicious ONUs from reading the payload, but they may still learn other ONUs MAC address. Implementing the encryption scheme on the physical layer would encode the entire bit stream, including the frame headers and CRC. In this scheme no information is learned by a malicious ONU. But the difficulty is the physical layer is a connectionless layer. Requiring the Physical layer in a OLT to apply different keys for different ONUs will make it connection-aware. So encryption in EPON still remains an open question.
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Higher bandwidth: up to 1.25 Gbps symmetric Ethernet bandwidth Lower Costs: lower up-front capital equipment and ongoing operational costs More revenue: broad range of flexible service offerings means higher revenues
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Higher bandwidth
More subscribers per PON More bandwidth per subscriber Higher split counts Video capabilities Better QoS
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Lower Costs
Cost reduction in the case of EPONs are achieved by simpler architecture, more efficient operations, and lower maintenance needs of an optical IP Ethernet network. Eliminate complex and expensive ATM and SONET elements and dramatically simplify the network architecture Long-lived passive optical components reduce outside plant maintenance Standard Ethernet interfaces eliminate the need for additional DSL or cable modems No electronics in outside plant reduces need for costly powering and right-of-way space
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More Revenue
Revenue opportunities from EPONs include:
EPONs support for legacy TDM, ATM and SONET services. Delivery of new Gigabit Ethernet, fast Ethernet, IP multicast and dedicated wavelength services. Provisioning of bandwidth in scalable 64 Kbps increments up to 1 Gbps. Tailoring of services to customer needs with guaranteed SLAs (Service License Agreement). Quick response to customer needs with flexible provisioning and rapid service reconfiguration.
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IEEE 802.3ah has been approved. Materials concerning the P802.3ah standards effort and the presentation materials can be found at: http://www.ieee802.org/3/efm/index.html
http://www.ieee802.org/3/efm/public/index.html
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Analysts expect the optical access market to grow rapidly. CIBC (Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce) forecasts the market for PON access system to reach $1 billion by 2004 from $23 million in 2000. P2P optical Ethernet offer the best possibility of a turnaround in the telecom sector.
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Conclusion
The future of broadband access network is likely to be a combination of point-to-point and point-to-multipoint Ethernet, optimized for transporting IP data, as well as time critical voice and video.
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References
Topics in Lightwave: Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON): Building the NextGeneration Optical Access Network
Glen Kramer and Gerry Pesavento, Alloptic, Inc.
http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/ep on/
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