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Cardiovascular System
Primary function: convection mass movement of fluid caused by pressure difference
The Heart
RV wall
LV wall
Interventricular septum
Left ventricular wall is three times thicker than right ventricle Right ventricle crescent-shaped Left ventricle- cylindrical Conducting tissue ( Purkinje fibers) in the septum
Left Ventricle
ejects blood primarily by reducing the
cross-sectional area of the cylinder
area= . r2
Cardiac Output
volume of blood ejected by one ventricle per minute
CO
~5L
CO
Haemodynamics
study of factors that determine blood flow and blood pressure in the body
Momentum that blood gains because of its mass (m) and velocity
m . v2 2
Flow (Q) Mass movement of a volume of fluid per unit time ml/sec L/min
Continuity principle: flow through each vascular component must be equal to each other To keep the flow rate equal, the velocity of flow must vary inversely with the cross-sectional area
Narrow segment represents an area of increased velocity which results in a Bernoulli effect (conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy)
Poiseuilles Law
(for laminar flow)
P . . r4 Q= 8..L
P= pressure gradient r= radius of the tube = viscosity of the fluid L= length of the tube Resistan ce
8..L . r4
Ohms Law
SVR = P/Q
(mmHg/L/min)
Direct linear relationship Tension in an individual fiber Pressure development in the ventricle
Preload
depends volume of blood before contraction (LVEDV) physiologically determined by the venous return wall stress at the end of diastole LVEDP determines the LVEDV and hence the resting length of the ventricular muscle fibers
Contractility (Inotropism)
increased contractile force at a constant preload or ventricular volume
Activation of 1 receptors
Sympathetic nerve stimulation Epinephrine, norepinephrine
Digitalis
Contractility
Contractility alter the peak force developed and the duration of the contractile process
(venous pressure)
Positive inotropism can be defined as an increase in the maximal velocity of shortening (Vmax)
(afterload)
Law of Laplace
Wall stress (T)= pressure x radius (r) 2 thickness (h)
The increase in the radius-to-thickness ratio increases wall stress (or afterload) (maladaptive) at any given radius (LV size), the greater the pressure developed by the LV, the greater the wall stress
In a sphere; V = 4/3r3
V= volume r= radius Left ventricle has three axes; Antero-posterior (DA) Lateral diameter (DL) Maximal length (LM)